This section coversJApplet
a class that enables applets to use Swing components.JApplet
is a subclass ofjava.applet.Applet
, which is covered in the Applets trail. If you've never written a regular applet before, we urge you to read that trail before proceeding with this section. The information provided in that trail applies to Swing applets, with a few exceptions that this section explains.Any applet that contains Swing components must be implemented with a subclass of
JApplet
. Here's a Swing version of one of the applets that helped make Java famous an animation applet that (in its most well known configuration) shows our mascot Duke doing cartwheels:You can find the main source code for this applet in
Note: If you don't see the applet running above, you need to install Java Plug-in, which happens automatically when you install the Java(TM) SE JRE or JDK. This applet requires JDK 6 or later. You can find more information on the Java Plug-in home page.TumbleItem.java
. See the examples index for links to all the files required by this example.This section discusses the following topics:
BecauseJApplet
is a top-level Swing container, each Swing applet has a root pane. The most noticeable effects of the root pane's presence are support for adding a menu bar and the need to use a content pane.As described in Using Top-Level Containers, each top-level container such as a
JApplet
has a single content pane. The content pane makes Swing applets different from regular applets in the following ways:
- You add components to a Swing applet's content pane, not directly to the applet. Adding Components to the Content Pane shows you how.
- You set the layout manager on a Swing applet's content pane, not directly on the applet.
- The default layout manager for a Swing applet's content pane is
BorderLayout
. This differs from the default layout manager forApplet
, which isFlowLayout
.- You should not put painting code directly in a
JApplet
object. See Performing Custom Painting for examples of how to perform custom painting in applets.
Swing components should be created, queried, and manipulated on the event-dispatching thread, but browsers don't invoke applet "milestone" methods from that thread. For this reason, the milestone methods init
,start
,stop
, anddestroy
should use theSwingUtilities
methodinvokeAndWait
(or, if appropriate,invokeLater
) so that code that refers to the Swing components is executed on the event-dispatching thread. More information about these methods and the event-dispatching thread is in Concurrency in Swing.Here is an example of an
init
method:public void init() { //Execute a job on the event-dispatching thread: //creating this applet's GUI. try { javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait(new Runnable() { public void run() { createGUI(); } }); } catch (Exception e) { System.err.println("createGUI didn't successfully complete"); } } private void createGUI() { JLabel label = new JLabel( "You are successfully running a Swing applet!"); label.setHorizontalAlignment(JLabel.CENTER); label.setBorder(BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(1,1,1,1,Color.black)); getContentPane().add(label, BorderLayout.CENTER); }The
invokeLater
method is not appropriate for this implementation because it allowsinit
to return before initialization is complete, which can cause applet problems that are difficult to debug.The
init
method inTumbleItem
is more complex, as the following code shows. Like the first example, thisinit
method implementation usesSwingUtilities.invokeAndWait
to execute the GUI creation code on the event-dispatching thread. Thisinit
method sets up a Swing timerto fire action events the update the animation. Also,init
usesjavax.swing.SwingWorker
to create a background task that loads the animation image files, letting the applet present a GUI right away, without waiting for all resources to be loaded.private void createGUI() { ... animator = new Animator(); animator.setOpaque(true); animator.setBackground(Color.white); setContentPane(animator); ... } public void init() { loadAppletParameters(); //Execute a job on the event-dispatching thread: //creating this applet's GUI. try { javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait(new Runnable() { public void run() { createGUI(); } }); } catch (Exception e) { System.err.println("createGUI didn't successfully complete"); } //Set up the timer that will perform the animation. timer = new javax.swing.Timer(speed, this); timer.setInitialDelay(pause); timer.setCoalesce(false); timer.start(); //Start the animation. //Background task for loading images. SwingWorker worker = (new SwingWorker() { public ImageIcon[] doInBackground() { final ImageIcon[] innerImgs = new ImageIcon[nimgs]; ...//Load all the images... return imgs; } public void done() { //Remove the "Loading images" label. animator.removeAll(); loopslot = -1; try { imgs = get(); } ...//Handle possible exceptions } }).execute(); } You can find the applet's source code in
TumbleItem.java
. To find all the files required for the applet, including a link to a JNLP file that lets you run it using Java Web Start, see the example index.
TheApplet
class provides thegetImage
method for loading images into an applet. ThegetImage
method creates and returns anImage
object that represents the loaded image. Because Swing components useIcon
s rather thanImage
s to refer to pictures, Swing applets tend not to usegetImage
. Instead Swing applets create instances ofImageIcon
an icon loaded from an image file.ImageIcon
comes with a code-saving benefit: it handles image tracking automatically. Refer to How to Use Icons for more information.The animation of Duke doing cartwheels requires 17 different pictures. The applet uses one
ImageIcon
per picture and loads them in itsinit
method. Because images can take a long time to load, the icons are loaded in a separate thread implemented by aSwingWorker
object. Here's the code:Thepublic void init() { ... imgs = new ImageIcon[nimgs]; (new SwingWorker() { public ImageIcon[] doInBackground() { //Images are numbered 1 to nimgs, //but fill array from 0 to nimgs-1. for (int i = 0; i < nimgs; i++) { imgs[i] = loadImage(i+1); } return imgs; } ... }).execute(); } ... protected ImageIcon loadImage(int imageNum) { String path = dir + "/T" + imageNum + ".gif"; int MAX_IMAGE_SIZE = 2400; //Change this to the size of //your biggest image, in bytes. int count = 0; BufferedInputStream imgStream = new BufferedInputStream( this.getClass().getResourceAsStream(path)); if (imgStream != null) { byte buf[] = new byte[MAX_IMAGE_SIZE]; try { count = imgStream.read(buf); imgStream.close(); } catch (java.io.IOException ioe) { System.err.println("Couldn't read stream from file: " + path); return null; } if (count <= 0) { System.err.println("Empty file: " + path); return null; } return new ImageIcon(Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().createImage(buf)); } else { System.err.println("Couldn't find file: " + path); return null; } } loadImage
method loads the image for the specified frame of animation. It uses thegetResourceAsStream
method rather than the usualgetResource
method to get the images. The resulting code isn't pretty, butgetResourceAsStream
is more efficient thangetResource
for loading images from JAR files into applets that are executed using Java Plug-inTM software. For further details, see Loading Images Into Applets.
The recommended way to include an applet in an HTML page is using the APPLET tag. Here's the APPLET tag for the cartwheeling Duke applet:To find out about the various <APPLET> tag parameters, refer to Using the applet Tag and Using the APPLET Tag .<applet code="TumbleItem.class" codebase="examples/" archive="tumbleClasses.jar, tumbleImages.jar" width="600" height="95"> <param name="maxwidth" value="120"> <param name="nimgs" value="17"> <param name="offset" value="-57"> <param name="img" value="images/tumble"> Your browser is completely ignoring the <APPLET> tag! </applet>
The next table lists the interesting methods thatJApplet
adds to the applet API. They give you access to features provided by the root pane. Other methods you might use are defined by theComponent
andApplet
classes. See Component Methods for a list of commonly usedComponent
methods, and Applets for help in usingApplet
methods.
Method Purpose void setContentPane(Container)
Container getContentPane()Set or get the applet's content pane. The content pane contains the applet's visible GUI components and should be opaque. JRootPane createRootPane()
void setRootPane(JRootPane)
JRootPane getRootPane()Create, set, or get the applet's root pane. The root pane manages the interior of the applet including the content pane, the glass pane, and so on. void setJMenuBar(JMenuBar)
JMenuBar getJMenuBar()Set or get the applet's menu bar to manage a set of menus for the applet. void setGlassPane(Component)
Component getGlassPane()Set or get the applet's glass pane. You can use the glass pane to intercept mouse events. void setLayeredPane(JLayeredPane)
JLayeredPane getLayeredPane()Set or get the applet's layered pane. You can use the applet's layered pane to put components on top of or behind other components.
This table shows examples of Swing applets and where those examples are described.
Example Where Described Notes TumbleItem
This page An animation applet IconDemoApplet
How to Use Icons An applet for showing photos.