The <exception> header provides functions and classes for exception control. One basic class is exception:

class exception
{
public:
    exception() throw();
    exception(const exception&) throw();
    exception& operator=(const exception&) throw();
    virtual ~exception() throw();
    virtual const char *what() const throw();
};

The <stdexcept> header provides a small hierarchy of exception classes that can be thrown or caught:

• exception
  • logic_error
    • domain_error
    • invalid_argument
    • length_error
    • out_of_range
  • runtime_error
    • range_error
    • overflow_error
    • underflow_error

Logic errors are thrown if the program has internal errors that are caused by the user of a function. And in theory preventable.
Runtime errors are thrown if the cause is beyond the program and can't be predicted by the user of a function.