This chapter describes how to obtain and install MySQL:
This chapter covers the installation of MySQL on platforms where we offer packages using the native packaging format of the respective platform. However, binary distributions of MySQL are available for many other platforms as well, see section 2.2.11 Installing a MySQL Binary Distribution for generic installation instructions for these packages that apply to all platforms.
See section 2.2 General Installation Issues for more information on what other binary distributions are available on how to obtain them.
The MySQL server for Windows is available in two distribution formats:
Generally speaking, you should use the binary distribution. It's simpler, and you need no additional tools to get MySQL up and running.
You will need the following:
MAX_ROWS
and
AVG_ROW_LENGTH
when you create tables.
See section 6.5.3 CREATE TABLE
Syntax.
ZIP
program to unpack the distribution file.
MyODBC
driver. See section 9.2 MySQL ODBC Support.
C:\> NET STOP MySQLOtherwise, stop the server like this:
C:\mysql\bin> mysqladmin -u root shutdown
-max
or -nt
), it is also necessary to
remove the service:
C:\mysql\bin> mysqld --remove
WinMySQLadmin
program if it is running.
setup.exe
program to begin the installation process.
If you want to install into another directory than the default
(`C:\mysql'), use the Browse
button to specify your
preferred directory.
Starting with MySQL 3.23.38, the Windows distribution includes both the normal and the MySQL-Max server binaries. Here is a list of the different MySQL servers from which you can choose:
Binary | Description |
mysqld | Compiled with full debugging and automatic memory allocation checking, symbolic links, InnoDB , and BDB tables.
|
mysqld-opt | Optimised binary with no support for transactional tables in version 3.23. For version 4.0, InnoDB is enabled.
|
mysqld-nt | Optimised binary for NT/2000/XP with support for named pipes. |
mysqld-max | Optimised binary with support for symbolic links, InnoDB and BDB tables.
|
mysqld-max-nt | Like mysqld-max , but compiled with support for named pipes.
|
All of the preceding binaries are optimised for modern Intel processors but should work on any Intel processor >= i386.
When run on a version of Windows that supports named pipes (NT, 2000, XP),
the mysqld-nt
and mysqld-max-nt
servers support named pipe
connections. However, starting from 3.23.50, named pipes are enabled only
if you start these servers with the --enable-named-pipe
option.
(The servers can be run on Windows 98 or Me, but TCP/IP must be installed,
and named pipe connections cannot be used. On Windows 95, these servers
cannot be used.)
You will find it helpful to use an option file to specify your MySQL configuration under the following circumstances:
InnoDB
transactional tables in
MySQL version 3.23, you
need to manually create two new directories to hold the InnoDB
data and log files--such as, `C:\ibdata' and `C:\iblogs'.
You will also need to add some extra lines to the option
file, as described in section 7.5.3 InnoDB Startup Options.
(As of MySQL 4.0, InnoDB will create its datafiles and log files in the data
directory by default. This means you need not configure InnoDB explicitly,
though you may still wish to do so.)
On Windows, the MySQL installer places the data directory directly under
the directory where you install MySQL. If you would like to use a data
directory in a different location, you should copy the entire contents
of the `data' directory to the new location. For example, the default
installation places MySQL in `C:\mysql' and the data directory in
`C:\mysql\data'. If you want to use a data directory of `E:\mydata',
you must copy `C:\mysql\data' there. You will also need to use a
--datadir
option to specify the location of the new data directory.
Normally you can use the WinMySQLAdmin
tool to edit the
option file `my.ini'. In this case you don't have to worry
about the following discussion.
There are two option files with the same function: `C:\my.cnf',
and the `my.ini' file in the Windows directory. (This directory
typically is named something like `C:\WINDOWS' or `C:\WinNT'.
You can determine its exact location from the value of the WINDIR
environment variable.) MySQL looks first for the `my.ini' file,
then for the `my.cnf' file. However, to avoid confusion, it's best
if you use only one of these files. Both files are plain text.
If your PC uses a boot loader where the C:
drive isn't the boot drive,
your only option is to use the `my.ini' file. Also note that
if you use the WinMySQLAdmin
tool, it uses only the `my.ini'
file. The `\mysql\bin' directory contains a help file with
instructions for using this tool.
Using the notepad
program, create the option file and edit the
[mysqld]
section to specify values for the basedir
and
datadir
parameters:
[mysqld] # set basedir to your installation path, for example, C:/mysql basedir=the_install_path # set datadir to the location of your data directory, # for example, C:/mysql/data or D:/mydata/data datadir=the_data_path
Note that Windows pathnames should be specified in option files using forward slashes rather than backslashes. If you do use backslashes, you must double them.
Now you are ready to test starting the server.
Testing is best done from a command prompt in a console window (a ``DOS window''). This way you can have the server display status messages in the window where they are easy to see. If something is wrong with your configuration, these messages will make it easier for you to identify and fix any problems.
Make sure you are in the directory where the server is located, then enter this command:
shell> mysqld --console
For servers that include InnoDB
support,
you should see the following messages as the server starts up:
InnoDB: The first specified datafile c:\ibdata\ibdata1 did not exist: InnoDB: a new database to be created! InnoDB: Setting file c:\ibdata\ibdata1 size to 209715200 InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait... InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile0 did not exist: new to be created InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile0 size to 31457280 InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile1 did not exist: new to be created InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile1 size to 31457280 InnoDB: Log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile2 did not exist: new to be created InnoDB: Setting log file c:\iblogs\ib_logfile2 size to 31457280 InnoDB: Doublewrite buffer not found: creating new InnoDB: Doublewrite buffer created InnoDB: creating foreign key constraint system tables InnoDB: foreign key constraint system tables created 011024 10:58:25 InnoDB: Started
When the server finishes its startup sequence, you should see something like this, which indicates that the server is ready to service client connections::
mysqld: ready for connections Version: '4.0.14-log' socket: '' port: 3306
The server will continue to write to the console any further diagnostic output it produces. You can open a new console window in which to run client programs.
If you omit the --console
option, the server writes diagnostic output
to the error log in the data directory. The error log is the file with the
`.err' extension.
For further information about running MySQL on Windows, see section 2.6.1 Windows Notes.
The recommended way to install MySQL on Linux is by using the RPM
packages. The MySQL RPMs are currently built on a SuSE Linux 7.3
system but should work on most versions of Linux that support rpm
and use glibc
.
If you have problems with an RPM file (for example, if you receive the error
``Sorry, the host 'xxxx' could not be looked up
''), see
section 2.6.2.1 Linux Notes for Binary Distributions.
In most cases, you only need to install the MySQL-server
and
MySQL-client
packages to get a functional MySQL installation. The
other packages are not required for a standard installation.
If you want to run a MySQL Max server that has additional capabilities,
you should install the MySQL-Max
RPM after installing the
MySQL-server
RPM.
See section 4.7.5 mysqld-max
, An Extended mysqld
Server.
If you get a dependency failure when trying to install the MySQL 4.0
packages (for example, ``error: removing these packages would break dependencies:
libmysqlclient.so.10 is needed by ...
''), you should also install
the package MySQL-shared-compat
, which includes both the
shared libraries for backward compatibility (libmysqlclient.so.12
for MySQL 4.0 and libmysqlclient.so.10
for MySQL 3.23).
Many Linux distributions still ship with MySQL 3.23 and they usually link
applications dynamically to save disk space. If these shared libraries are
in a separate package (for example, MySQL-shared
), it is
sufficient to simply leave this package installed and just upgrade
the MySQL server and client packages (which are statically linked
and do not depend on the shared libraries). For distributions that
include the shared libraries in the same package as the MySQL server
(for example, Red Hat Linux), you could either install our 3.23
MySQL-shared
RPM, or use the MySQL-shared-compat
package instead.
The following RPM packages are available:
MySQL-server-VERSION.i386.rpm
The MySQL server. You will need this unless you only want to
connect to a MySQL server running on another machine. Please note
that this package was called MySQL-VERSION.i386.rpm
before
MySQL 4.0.10.
MySQL-Max-VERSION.i386.rpm
The MySQL Max server. This server has additional capabilities that the
one in the MySQL-server
RPM does not. You must install the
MySQL-server
RPM first, because the MySQL-Max
RPM depends on it.
MySQL-client-VERSION.i386.rpm
The standard MySQL client programs. You probably always want to
install this package.
MySQL-bench-VERSION.i386.rpm
Tests and benchmarks. Requires Perl and the DBD-mysql
module.
MySQL-devel-VERSION.i386.rpm
The libraries and include files that are needed if you want to compile other
MySQL clients, such as the Perl modules.
MySQL-shared-VERSION.i386.rpm
This package contains the shared libraries (libmysqlclient.so*
)
that certain languages and applications need to dynamically load and
use MySQL.
MySQL-shared-compat-VERSION.i386.rpm
This package includes the shared libraries for both MySQL 3.23 and
MySQL 4.0. Install this package instead of MySQL-shared
, if you
have applications installed that are dynamically linked against MySQL
3.23 but you want to upgrade to MySQL 4.0 without breaking the library
dependencies. This package is available since MySQL 4.0.13.
MySQL-embedded-VERSION.i386.rpm
The embedded MySQL server library (from MySQL 4.0).
MySQL-VERSION.src.rpm
This contains the source code for all of the previous packages. It can also
be used to rebuild the RPMs on other architectures (for example, Alpha or SPARC).
To see all files in an RPM package (for example, a MySQL-server
RPM), run:
shell> rpm -qpl MySQL-server-VERSION.i386.rpm
To perform a standard minimal installation, run:
shell> rpm -i MySQL-server-VERSION.i386.rpm MySQL-client-VERSION.i386.rpm
To install just the client package, run:
shell> rpm -i MySQL-client-VERSION.i386.rpm
The server RPM places data under the `/var/lib/mysql' directory. The RPM also creates the appropriate entries in `/etc/init.d/' to start the server automatically at boot time. (This means that if you have performed a previous installation and have made changes to its startup script, you may want to make a copy of the script so you don't lose it when you install a newer RPM.) See section 2.4.3 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically for more information on how MySQL can be started automatically on system startup.
If you want to install the MySQL RPM on older Linux distributions that do not support initialisation scripts in `/etc/init.d' (directly or via a symlink), you should create a symbolic link that points to the location where your initialisation scripts actually are installed. For example, if that location is `/etc/rc.d/init.d', use these commands before installing the RPM to create `/etc/init.d' as a symbolic link that points there:
shell> cd /etc ; ln -s rc.d/init.d .
However, all current major Linux distributions should already support the new directory layout that uses `/etc/init.d', because it is required for LSB (Linux Standard Base) compliance.
If the RPM files that you install include MySQL-server
, the
mysqld
daemon should be up and running after installation.
You should now be able to start using MySQL.
See section 2.4 Post-installation Setup and Testing.
If something goes wrong, you can find more information in the binary installation chapter. See section 2.2.11 Installing a MySQL Binary Distribution.
Beginning with MySQL 4.0.11, you can install MySQL on Mac OS X 10.2
(``Jaguar'') using a Mac OS X PKG
binary package instead of the
binary tarball distribution. Please note that older versions of Mac OS X
(for example, 10.1.x) are not supported by this package.
The package is located inside a disk image (.dmg
) file, that you
first need to mount by double-clicking its icon in the Finder. It should
then mount the image and display its contents.
NOTE: Before proceeding with the installation, be sure to
shut down all running MySQL server instances by either
using the MySQL Manager Application (on Mac OS X Server) or via
mysqladmin shutdown
on the command line.
To actually install the MySQL PKG, double click on the package icon. This launches the Mac OS Package Installer, which will guide you through the installation of MySQL.
The Mac OS X PKG of MySQL will install itself into
`/usr/local/mysql-<version>' and will also install a symbolic link
`/usr/local/mysql', pointing to the new location. If a directory named
`/usr/local/mysql' already exists, it will be renamed to
`/usr/local/mysql.bak' first. Additionally, it will install the
grant tables in the mysql
database by executing mysql_install_db
after the installation.
The installation layout is similar to the one of the binary distribution; all MySQL binaries are located in the directory `/usr/local/mysql/bin'. The MySQL socket file is created as `/tmp/mysql.sock' by default. See section 2.2.7 Installation Layouts.
MySQL installation requires a Mac OS X user account named mysql
(a user account with this name should exist by default
on Mac OS X 10.2 and up).
If you are running Mac OS X Server, you already have a version of MySQL installed:
This manual section covers the installation of the official MySQL Mac OS X PKG only. Make sure to read Apple's help about installing MySQL (Run the ``Help View'' application, select ``Mac OS X Server'' help, and do a search for ``MySQL'' and read the item entitled ``Installing MySQL'').
Especially note that the pre-installed version of MySQL on Mac OS X Server
is started with the command safe_mysqld
instead of mysqld_safe
.
If you previously used Marc Liyanage's MySQL packages for Mac OS X from http://www.entropy.ch, you can simply follow the update instructions for packages using the binary installation layout as given on his pages.
If you are upgrading from Marc's 3.23.xx versions or from the Mac OS X Server version of MySQL to the official MySQL PKG, you also need to convert the existing MySQL privilege tables to the current format, because some new security privileges have been added. See section 2.5.6 Upgrading the Grant Tables.
If you would like to automatically start up MySQL during system bootup, you
also need to install the MySQL Startup Item. Starting with MySQL 4.0.15, it
is part of the Mac OS X installation disk images as a separate installation
package. Simply double-click the MySQLStartupItem.pkg
icon and follow
the instructions to install it.
Note that this only has to be done once! There is no need to install the Startup Item every time you upgrade the MySQL package.
The Startup Item will be installed into `/Library/StartupItems/MySQL'.
It adds a variable MYSQLCOM=-YES-
to the system configuration file
`/etc/hostconfig'. If you would like to disable the automatic startup
of MySQL, simply change this variable to MYSQLCOM=-NO-
.
On Mac OS X Server, the Startup Item installation script will automatically
disable the startup of the default MySQL installation by changing the
variable MYSQL
in `/etc/hostconfig' to MYSQL=-NO-
. This
is to avoid conflicts on bootup. However, it does not shut down an already
running MySQL server.
After the installation, you can start up MySQL by running the following commands in a terminal window. Please note that you need to have administrator privileges to perform this task.
If you have installed the Startup Item:
shell> sudo /Library/StartupItems/MySQL/MySQL start (Enter your password, if necessary) (Press Control-D or enter "exit" to exit the shell)
If you don't use the Startup Item, enter the following command sequence:
shell> cd /usr/local/mysql shell> sudo ./bin/mysqld_safe (Enter your password, if necessary) (Press Control-Z) shell> bg (Press Control-D or enter "exit" to exit the shell)
You should now be able to connect to the MySQL server, for example, by running `/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql'.
If you installed MySQL for the first time, please remember to set a
password for the MySQL root
user!
This is done with the following two commands:
/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root password <password> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h `hostname` password <password>
Please make sure that the hostname
command in the second line
is enclosed by backticks (`), so the shell can replace it with
the output of this command (the host name of this system)!
You might want to also add aliases to your shell's resource file to
access mysql
and mysqladmin
from the command line:
alias mysql '/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql' alias mysqladmin '/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin'
Alternatively, you could simply add /usr/local/mysql/bin
to
your PATH
environment variable, for example, by adding the following
to `$HOME/.tcshrc':
setenv PATH ${PATH}:/usr/local/mysql/bin
Please note that installing a new MySQL PKG does not remove the directory of an older installation. Unfortunately, the Mac OS X Installer does not yet offer the functionality required to properly upgrade previously installed packages.
After you have copied over the MySQL database files from the previous version and have successfully started the new version, you should consider removing the old installation files to save disk space. Additionally, you should also remove older versions of the Package Receipt directories located in `/Library/Receipts/mysql-<version>.pkg'.
As of version 4.0.11, the MySQL server is available for Novell NetWare in binary package form. In order to host MySQL, the NetWare server must meet these requirements:
The binary package for NetWare can be obtained at http://www.mysql.com/downloads/.
If you are running MySQL on NetWare 6.0, we strongly suggest that you use the
--skip-external-locking
option on the command line. It will also be
neccesary to use CHECK TABLE
and REPAIR TABLE
instead of
myisamchk
, because myisamchk
makes use of external locking.
External locking is known to have problems on NetWare 6.0; the problem has been
eliminated in NetWare 6.5.
SERVER: mysqladmin -u root shutdown
SERVER: SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN
mysql_install_db
at the server console.
mysqld_safe
at the server console.
autoexec.ncf
. For example, if your MySQL installation is in
`SYS:MYSQL' and you want MySQL to start automatically, you could
add these lines:
#Starts the MySQL 4.0.x database server SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN MYSQLD_SAFEIf you are using NetWare 6.0, you should add the
--skip-external-locking
flag:
#Starts the MySQL 4.0.x database server SEARCH ADD SYS:MYSQL\BIN MYSQLD_SAFE --skip-external-locking
If there was an existing installation of MySQL on the server, be sure
to check for existing MySQL startup commands in autoexec.ncf
,
and edit or delete them as necessary.
Check the MySQL homepage (http://www.mysql.com/) for information about the current version and for downloading instructions.
Our main mirror is located at http://mirrors.sunsite.dk/mysql/.
For a complete up-to-date list of MySQL web/download mirrors, see http://www.mysql.com/downloads/mirrors.html. There you will also find information about becoming a MySQL mirror site and how to report a bad or out-of-date mirror.
MD5 Checksums
or GnuPG
After you have downloaded the MySQL package that suits your needs and before you attempt to install it, you should make sure it is intact and has not been tampered with.
MySQL AB offers two means of integrity checking: MD5 checksums
and
cryptographic signatures using GnuPG
, the GNU Privacy Guard
.
MD5 Checksum
After you have downloaded the package, you should check, if the MD5 checksum matches the one provided on the MySQL download pages. Each package has an individual checksum, that you can verify with the following command:
shell> md5sum <package>
Note, that not all operating systems support the md5sum
command - on
some it is simply called md5
, others do not ship it at all. On Linux,
it is part of the GNU Text Utilities
package, which is available for
a wide range of platforms. You can download the source code from
http://www.gnu.org/software/textutils/ as well. If you have
OpenSSL
installed, you can also use the command openssl md5
<package>
instead. A DOS/Windows implementation of the md5
command
is available from http://www.fourmilab.ch/md5/.
Example:
shell> md5sum mysql-standard-4.0.10-gamma-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz 155836a7ed8c93aee6728a827a6aa153 mysql-standard-4.0.10-gamma-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz
You should check, if the resulting checksum matches the one printed on the download page right below the respective package.
Most mirror sites also offer a file named `MD5SUMS', which also includes the MD5 checksums for all files included in the `Downloads' directory. Please note however that it's very easy to modify this file and it's not a very reliable method. If in doubt, you should consult different mirror sites and compare the results.
GnuPG
A more reliable method of verifying the integrity of a package is using
cryptographic signatures. MySQL AB uses the GNU Privacy Guard
(GnuPG
), an Open Source
alternative to the very well-known
Pretty Good Privacy
(PGP
) by Phil Zimmermann.
See http://www.gnupg.org/ and http://www.openpgp.org/
for more information about OpenPGP
/GnuPG
and how to obtain
and install GnuPG
on your system. Most Linux distributions already
ship with GnuPG
installed by default.
Beginning with MySQL 4.0.10 (February 2003), MySQL AB has started signing
their downloadable packages with GnuPG
. Cryptographic signatures are
a much more reliable method of verifying the integrity and authenticity of
a file.
To verify the signature for a specific package, you first need to obtain a copy of MySQL AB's public GPG build key build@mysql.com. You can either cut and paste it directly from here, or obtain it from http://www.keyserver.net/.
Key ID: pub 1024D/5072E1F5 2003-02-03 MySQL Package signing key (www.mysql.com) <build@mysql.com> Fingerprint: A4A9 4068 76FC BD3C 4567 70C8 8C71 8D3B 5072 E1F5 Public Key (ASCII-armored): -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: GnuPG v1.0.6 (GNU/Linux) Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org mQGiBD4+owwRBAC14GIfUfCyEDSIePvEW3SAFUdJBtoQHH/nJKZyQT7h9bPlUWC3 RODjQReyCITRrdwyrKUGku2FmeVGwn2u2WmDMNABLnpprWPkBdCk96+OmSLN9brZ fw2vOUgCmYv2hW0hyDHuvYlQA/BThQoADgj8AW6/0Lo7V1W9/8VuHP0gQwCgvzV3 BqOxRznNCRCRxAuAuVztHRcEAJooQK1+iSiunZMYD1WufeXfshc57S/+yeJkegNW hxwR9pRWVArNYJdDRT+rf2RUe3vpquKNQU/hnEIUHJRQqYHo8gTxvxXNQc7fJYLV K2HtkrPbP72vwsEKMYhhr0eKCbtLGfls9krjJ6sBgACyP/Vb7hiPwxh6rDZ7ITnE kYpXBACmWpP8NJTkamEnPCia2ZoOHODANwpUkP43I7jsDmgtobZX9qnrAXw+uNDI QJEXM6FSbi0LLtZciNlYsafwAPEOMDKpMqAK6IyisNtPvaLd8lH0bPAnWqcyefep rv0sxxqUEMcM3o7wwgfN83POkDasDbs3pjwPhxvhz6//62zQJ7Q7TXlTUUwgUGFj a2FnZSBzaWduaW5nIGtleSAod3d3Lm15c3FsLmNvbSkgPGJ1aWxkQG15c3FsLmNv bT6IXQQTEQIAHQUCPj6jDAUJCWYBgAULBwoDBAMVAwIDFgIBAheAAAoJEIxxjTtQ cuH1cY4AnilUwTXn8MatQOiG0a/bPxrvK/gCAJ4oinSNZRYTnblChwFaazt7PF3q zIhMBBMRAgAMBQI+PqPRBYMJZgC7AAoJEElQ4SqycpHyJOEAn1mxHijft00bKXvu cSo/pECUmppiAJ41M9MRVj5VcdH/KN/KjRtW6tHFPYhMBBMRAgAMBQI+QoIDBYMJ YiKJAAoJELb1zU3GuiQ/lpEAoIhpp6BozKI8p6eaabzF5MlJH58pAKCu/ROofK8J Eg2aLos+5zEYrB/LsrkCDQQ+PqMdEAgA7+GJfxbMdY4wslPnjH9rF4N2qfWsEN/l xaZoJYc3a6M02WCnHl6ahT2/tBK2w1QI4YFteR47gCvtgb6O1JHffOo2HfLmRDRi Rjd1DTCHqeyX7CHhcghj/dNRlW2Z0l5QFEcmV9U0Vhp3aFfWC4Ujfs3LU+hkAWzE 7zaD5cH9J7yv/6xuZVw411x0h4UqsTcWMu0iM1BzELqX1DY7LwoPEb/O9Rkbf4fm Le11EzIaCa4PqARXQZc4dhSinMt6K3X4BrRsKTfozBu74F47D8Ilbf5vSYHbuE5p /1oIDznkg/p8kW+3FxuWrycciqFTcNz215yyX39LXFnlLzKUb/F5GwADBQf+Lwqq a8CGrRfsOAJxim63CHfty5mUc5rUSnTslGYEIOCR1BeQauyPZbPDsDD9MZ1ZaSaf anFvwFG6Llx9xkU7tzq+vKLoWkm4u5xf3vn55VjnSd1aQ9eQnUcXiL4cnBGoTbOW I39EcyzgslzBdC++MPjcQTcA7p6JUVsP6oAB3FQWg54tuUo0Ec8bsM8b3Ev42Lmu QT5NdKHGwHsXTPtl0klk4bQk4OajHsiy1BMahpT27jWjJlMiJc+IWJ0mghkKHt92 6s/ymfdf5HkdQ1cyvsz5tryVI3Fx78XeSYfQvuuwqp2H139pXGEkg0n6KdUOetdZ Whe70YGNPw1yjWJT1IhMBBgRAgAMBQI+PqMdBQkJZgGAAAoJEIxxjTtQcuH17p4A n3r1QpVC9yhnW2cSAjq+kr72GX0eAJ4295kl6NxYEuFApmr1+0uUq/SlsQ== =YJkx -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
You can import this key into your public GPG
keyring by using
gpg --import
. See the GPG
documentation for more info
on how to work with public keys.
After you have downloaded and imported the public build key, now download your desired MySQL package and the corresponding signature, which is also available from the download page. The signature has the file name extension `.asc'. For example, the signature for `mysql-standard-4.0.10-gamma-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz' would be `mysql-standard-4.0.10-gamma-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc'. Make sure that both files are stored in the same directory and then run the following command to verify the signature for this file:
shell> gpg --verify <package>.asc Example: shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-4.0.10-gamma-pc-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc gpg: Warning: using insecure memory! gpg: Signature made Mon 03 Feb 2003 08:50:39 PM MET using DSA key ID 5072E1F5 gpg: Good signature from "MySQL Package signing key (www.mysql.com) <build@mysql.com>"
The "Good signature" message indicates that everything is all right.
For RPM
packages, there is no separate signature - RPM
packages
actually have a built-in GPG
signature and MD5 checksum
. You can
verify them by running the following command:
shell> rpm --checksig <package>.rpm Example: shell> rpm --checksig MySQL-server-4.0.10-0.i386.rpm MySQL-server-4.0.10-0.i386.rpm: md5 gpg OK
Note: If you are using RPM 4.1 and it complains about (GPG)
NOT OK (MISSING KEYS: GPG#5072e1f5)
(even though you have imported it into
your GPG public keyring), you need to import the key into the RPM keyring
first. RPM 4.1 no longer uses your GPG keyring (and GPG itself), but
rather maintains its own keyring (because it's a system wide application and
the GPG public keyring is user-specific file). To import the MySQL public
key into the RPM keyring, please use the following command:
shell> rpm --import <pubkey> Example: shell> rpm --import mysql_pubkey.asc
In case you notice that the MD5 checksum
or GPG
signatures
do not match, first try to download the respective package one more time,
maybe from another mirror site. If you repeatedly can not successfully
verify the integrity of the package, please notify us about such incidents
including the full package name and the download site you have been using
at webmaster@mysql.com or build@mysql.com.
We use GNU Autoconf, so it is possible to port MySQL to all modern systems with working Posix threads and a C++ compiler. (To compile only the client code, a C++ compiler is required but not threads.) We use and develop the software ourselves primarily on Linux (SuSE and Red Hat), FreeBSD and Sun Solaris (Versions 8 and 9).
Note that for many operating systems, the native thread support works only in the latest versions. MySQL has been reported to compile successfully on the following operating system/thread package combinations:
glibc
2.0.7+. See section 2.6.2 Linux Notes (All Linux Versions).
Note that not all platforms are suited equally well for running MySQL. How well a certain platform is suited for a high-load mission-critical MySQL server is determined by the following factors:
pthread_mutex_lock()
is too anxious to yield CPU time, this will hurt
MySQL tremendously. If this issue is not taken care of, adding extra CPUs
will actually make MySQL slower.
Based on the preceding criteria, the best platforms for running MySQL at this point are x86 with SuSE Linux 8.2, 2.4 kernel, and ReiserFS (or any similar Linux distribution) and SPARC with Solaris (2.7-9). FreeBSD comes third, but we really hope it will join the top club once the thread library is improved. We also hope that at some point we will be able to include all other platforms on which MySQL compiles, runs okay, but not quite with the same level of stability and performance, into the top category. This will require some effort on our part in cooperation with the developers of the OS/library components MySQL depends upon. If you are interested in making one of those components better, are in a position to influence their development, and need more detailed instructions on what MySQL needs to run better, send an e-mail to the MySQL internals mailing list. See section 1.6.1.1 The MySQL Mailing Lists.
Please note that the preceding comparison is not to say that one OS is better or worse than the other in general. We are talking about choosing a particular OS for a dedicated purpose--running MySQL, and compare platforms in that regard only. With this in mind, the result of this comparison would be different if we included more issues into it. And in some cases, the reason one OS is better than the other could simply be that we have put forth more effort into testing on and optimising for that particular platform. We are just stating our observations to help you decide on which platform to use MySQL on in your setup.
The first decision to make is whether you want to use the latest development release or the last production (stable) release:
The second decision to make is whether you want to use a source distribution or a binary distribution. In most cases you should probably use a binary distribution, if one exists for your platform, as this generally will be easier to install than a source distribution.
In the following cases you probably will be better off with a source installation:
MySQL
clients can connect to both MySQL versions.
The extended MySQL binary distribution is marked with the
-max
suffix and is configured with the same options as
mysqld-max
. See section 4.7.5 mysqld-max
, An Extended mysqld
Server.
If you want to use the MySQL-Max
RPM, you must first
install the standard MySQL-server
RPM.
mysqld
with some extra features that are
not in the standard binary distributions. Here is a list of the most
common extra options that you may want to use:
--with-innodb
(default for MySQL 4.0 and onwards)
--with-berkeley-db
(not available on all platforms)
--with-raid
--with-libwrap
--with-named-z-libs
(This is done for some of the binaries)
--with-debug[=full]
pgcc
), or use compiler options that are better optimised for your
processor.
The MySQL naming scheme uses release numbers that consist of three
numbers and a suffix. For example, a release name like
mysql-4.1.0-alpha
is interpreted like this:
4
) is the major version and also describes the
file format. All Version 4 releases have the same file format.
1
) is the release level.
0
) is the version number within the
release level. This is incremented for each new distribution. Usually you
want the latest version for the release level you have chosen.
alpha
) indicates the stability level of the release.
The possible suffixes are:
alpha
indicates that the release contains some large section of
new code that hasn't been 100% tested. Known bugs (usually there are none)
should be documented in the News section. See section D MySQL Change History. There are also new
commands and extensions in most alpha releases. Active development that
may involve major code changes can occur on an alpha release, but everything
will be tested before doing a release. There should be no known bugs in any
MySQL release.
beta
means that all new code has been tested. No major new
features that could cause corruption on old code are added. There should
be no known bugs. A version changes from alpha to beta when there
haven't been any reported fatal bugs within an alpha version for at least
a month and we don't plan to add any features that could make any old command
more unreliable.
gamma
is a beta that has been around a while and seems to work fine.
Only minor fixes are added. This is what many other companies call a release.
In the MySQL development process, multiple versions co-exist and are at a different stage. Naturally, relevant bugfixes from an earlier series also propagate upward.
3.23
, new versions are only
released for critical bugs.
4.0
) is stable/production quality, with new
versions released for bugfixes. No new features are added that could
influence the code stability.
4.1
major new features are added. Sources
and binaries are available for use and testing on development systems.
5.0
is only available from the BitKeeper
tree.
All versions of MySQL are run through our standard tests and benchmarks to ensure that they are relatively safe to use. Because the standard tests are extended over time to check for all previously found bugs, the test suite keeps getting better.
Note that all releases have been tested at least with:
crash-me
test
Another test is that we use the newest MySQL version in our internal production environment, on at least one machine. We have more than 100 gigabytes of data to work with.
This section describes the default layout of the directories created by installing binary and source distributions.
A binary distribution is installed by unpacking it at the installation location you choose (typically `/usr/local/mysql') and creates the following directories in that location:
Directory | Contents of directory |
`bin' | Client programs and the mysqld server
|
`data' | Log files, databases |
`docs' | Documentation, ChangeLog |
`include' | Include (header) files |
`lib' | Libraries |
`scripts' | mysql_install_db
|
`share/mysql' | Error message files |
`sql-bench' | Benchmarks |
A source distribution is installed after you configure and compile it. By default, the installation step installs files under `/usr/local', in the following subdirectories:
Directory | Contents of directory |
`bin' | Client programs and scripts |
`include/mysql' | Include (header) files |
`info' | Documentation in Info format |
`lib/mysql' | Libraries |
`libexec' | The mysqld server
|
`share/mysql' | Error message files |
`sql-bench' | Benchmarks and crash-me test
|
`var' | Databases and log files |
Within an installation directory, the layout of a source installation differs from that of a binary installation in the following ways:
mysqld
server is installed in the `libexec'
directory rather than in the `bin' directory.
mysql_install_db
is installed in the `/usr/local/bin' directory
rather than in `/usr/local/mysql/scripts'.
You can create your own binary installation from a compiled source distribution by executing the script `scripts/make_binary_distribution'.
MySQL is evolving quite rapidly here at MySQL AB and we want to share this with other MySQL users. We try to make a release when we have very useful features that others seem to have a need for.
We also try to help out users who request features that are easy to implement. We take note of what our licensed users want to have, and we especially take note of what our extended e-mail supported customers want and try to help them out.
No one has to download a new release. The News section will tell you if the new release has something you really want. See section D MySQL Change History.
We use the following policy when updating MySQL:
The current production release is Version 4.0; we have already moved active development to Version 4.1 and 5.0. Bugs will still be fixed in the 4.0 version, and critical bugs also in the 3.23 series. We don't believe in a complete freeze, as this also leaves out bug fixes and things that ``must be done.'' ``Somewhat frozen'' means that we may add small things that ``almost surely will not affect anything that's already working.''
MySQL uses a slightly different naming scheme from most other products. In general it's relatively safe to use any version that has been out for a couple of weeks without being replaced with a new version. See section 2.2.6 Which MySQL Version to Use.
We put a lot of time and effort into making our releases bug free. To our knowledge, we have not released a single MySQL version with any known 'fatal' repeatable bugs.
A fatal bug is something that crashes MySQL under normal usage, gives wrong answers for normal queries, or has a security problem.
We have documented all open problems, bugs and things that are dependent on design decisions. See section 1.7.6 Known Errors and Design Deficiencies in MySQL.
Our aim is to fix everything that is fixable, but without risking making a stable MySQL version less stable. In certain cases, this means we can fix an issue in the development version(s), but not in the stable (production) version. Naturally, we document such issues so that users are aware.
Here is a description of how our build process works:
mysql
and
announce
mailing lists.
See section 1.6.1.1 The MySQL Mailing Lists.
The announcement message contains a list
of all changes to the release and any known problems with the release.
(The 'known problems' section in the release notes has only been needed
in a handful of releases.)
'a'
release
for that platform. Thanks to our large user base, problems are found
quickly.
As a service, we at MySQL AB provide a set of binary distributions of MySQL that are compiled at our site or at sites where customers kindly have given us access to their machines.
In addition to the binaries provided in platform-specific package formats
(see section 2.1 Quick Standard Installation of MySQL), we do offer binary distributions
for a number of platforms by means of compressed tar archives
(.tar.gz
).
These distributions are generated using the script
Build-tools/Do-compile
which compiles the source code and creates the
binary tar.gz
archive using scripts/make_binary_distribution
These binaries are configured and built with the following compilers and
options.
Binaries built on MySQL AB development systems:
gcc
2.95.3
CFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=pentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=pentiumpro -felide-constructors" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --disable-shared --with-client-ldflags=-all-static --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
ecc
(Intel C++ Itanium Compiler 7.0)
CC=ecc CFLAGS="-O2 -tpp2 -ip -nolib_inline" CXX=ecc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -tpp2 -ip -nolib_inline" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
ecc
(Intel C++ Itanium Compiler 7.0)
CC=ecc CFLAGS=-tpp1 CXX=ecc CXXFLAGS=-tpp1 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile
ccc
(Compaq C V6.2-505 / Compaq C++ V6.3-006)
CC=ccc CFLAGS="-fast -arch generic" CXX=cxx CXXFLAGS="-fast -arch generic -noexceptions -nortti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-mysqld-ldflags=-non_shared --with-client-ldflags=-non_shared --disable-shared
gcc
2.95.3
CFLAGS="-O2" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -felide-constructors" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared --with-client-ldflags=-all-static --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
gcc
3.2.1
CXX=gcc ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
gcc
3.2.3
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared --with-innodb
gcc
3.2
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-z-libs=no --with-named-curses-libs=-lcurses --disable-shared
gcc
3.2
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -m64 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -m64 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-z-libs=no --with-named-curses-libs=-lcurses --disable-shared
gcc
2.95.3
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-curses-libs=-lcurses --disable-shared
cc-5.0
(Sun Forte 5.0)
CC=cc-5.0 CXX=CC ASFLAGS="-xarch=v9" CFLAGS="-Xa -xstrconst -mt -D_FORTEC_ -xarch=v9" CXXFLAGS="-noex -mt -D_FORTEC_ -xarch=v9" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-z-libs=no --enable-thread-safe-client --disable-shared
gcc
3.2.3
CFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many " CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --disable-shared
xlC_r
(IBM Visual Age C/C++ 6.0)
CC=xlc_r CFLAGS="-ma -O2 -qstrict -qoptimize=2 -qmaxmem=8192" CXX=xlC_r CXXFLAGS ="-ma -O2 -qstrict -qoptimize=2 -qmaxmem=8192" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --disable-shared --with-innodb
gcc
3.3
CFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -mcpu=powerpc -Wa,-many -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --with-server-suffix="-pro" --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --disable-shared
gcc
3.1
CFLAGS="-DHPUX -I/opt/dce/include -O3 -fPIC" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-DHPUX -I/opt/dce /include -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -O3 -fPIC" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-pthread --with-named-thread-libs=-ldce --with-lib-ccflags=-fPIC --disable-shared
aCC
(HP ANSI C++ B3910B A.03.33)
CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS=+DD64 CXXFLAGS=+DD64 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
aCC
(HP ANSI C++ B3910B A.03.33)
CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS="+DAportable" CXXFLAGS="+DAportable" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared --with-innodb
gcc
3.1
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
gcc
2.95.4
CFLAGS=-DHAVE_BROKEN_REALPATH ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --with-named-z-libs=not-used --disable-shared
gcc
2.95.3qnx-nto 20010315
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
The following binaries are built on third-party systems kindly provided to MySQL AB by other users. Please note that these are only provided as a courtesy. Since MySQL AB does not have full control over these systems, we can only provide limited support for the binaries built on these systems.
gcc
2.95.3
CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentium" LDFLAGS=-static CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentium -felide-constructors" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --enable-thread-safe-client --disable-shared
CC
3.2
CC=cc CFLAGS="-O" CXX=CC ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-named-z-libs=no --enable-thread-safe-client --disable-shared
cc/cxx
(Compaq C V6.3-029i / DIGITAL C++ V6.1-027)
CC="cc -pthread" CFLAGS="-O4 -ansi_alias -ansi_args -fast -inline speed -speculate all" CXX="cxx -pthread" CXXFLAGS="-O4 -ansi_alias -fast -inline speed -speculate all -noexceptions -nortti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --with-prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-named-thread-libs="-lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc" --disable-shared --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
gcc
3.0.1
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
gcc
3.2.1
CFLAGS=-DHAVE_BROKEN_REALPATH ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/data --libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --disable-shared --with-innodb
The following compile options have been used for binary packages MySQL AB used to provide in the past. These binaries are no longer being updated, but the compile options are kept here for reference purposes.
egcs
1.1.2
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --enable-local-infile --enable-assembler --disable-shared
gcc
2.95.2
CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static --disable-shared --with-extra-charsets=complex
gcc
2.7.2.1
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --disable-shared --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-assembler
egcs
1.0.3a or 2.90.27 or gcc 2.95.2 and newer
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-low-memory --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-assembler
gcc
2.8.1
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-low-memory --with-extra-charsets=complex
gcc
2.7.2.1
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
gcc
2.7.2
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
gcc
2.7.2.2
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-extra-charsets=complex
Anyone who has more optimal options for any of the preceding configurations listed can always mail them to the MySQL internals s mailing list. See section 1.6.1.1 The MySQL Mailing Lists.
RPM distributions prior to MySQL Version 3.22 are user-contributed. Beginning with Version 3.22, the RPMs are generated by us at MySQL AB.
If you want to compile a debug version of MySQL, you should add
--with-debug
or --with-debug=full
to the preceding configure lines
and remove any -fomit-frame-pointer
options.
For the Windows distribution, please see section 2.1.1 Installing MySQL on Windows.
This chapter covers the installation of MySQL binary distributions
(.tar.gz
Archives) for various platforms
(see section 2.2.10 MySQL Binaries Compiled by MySQL AB for a detailed list).
In addition to these generic packages, we also offer binaries in platform-specific package formats for selected platforms. See section 2.1 Quick Standard Installation of MySQL for more information on how to install these.
The generic MySQL binary distributions are packaged as gzip-compressed
GNU tar archives (.tar.gz
). You need the following tools to
install a MySQL binary distribution:
gunzip
to uncompress the distribution.
tar
to unpack the distribution. GNU tar
is
known to work. Some tar
implementations that come pre-installed
with the operating system (e.g. Sun tar
) are known to have problems
(with long file names, for example). In that case, you should install
GNU tar
first.
If you run into problems, please always use mysqlbug
when
posting questions to a MySQL mailing list. Even if the problem
isn't a bug, mysqlbug
gathers system information that will help others
solve your problem. By not using mysqlbug
, you lessen the likelihood
of getting a solution to your problem. You will find mysqlbug
in the
`bin' directory after you unpack the distribution. See section 1.6.1.3 How to Report Bugs or Problems.
The basic commands you must execute to install and use a MySQL binary distribution are:
shell> groupadd mysql shell> useradd -g mysql mysql shell> cd /usr/local shell> gunzip < /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf - shell> ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysql shell> cd mysql shell> scripts/mysql_install_db shell> chown -R root . shell> chown -R mysql data shell> chgrp -R mysql . shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql & or shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql & if you are running MySQL 4.x
You can add new users using the bin/mysql_setpermission
script if
you install the DBI
and DBD-mysql
Perl modules.
A more detailed description follows.
To install a binary distribution, follow these steps, then proceed to section 2.4 Post-installation Setup and Testing, for post-installation setup and testing:
root
.)
tar
archives and have names like `mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz', where
VERSION
is a number (for example, 3.21.15
), and OS
indicates the type of operating system for which the distribution is intended
(for example, pc-linux-gnu-i586
).
Note that all binaries are built from the same MySQL source distribution.
mysqld
to run as:
shell> groupadd mysql shell> useradd -g mysql mysqlThese commands add the
mysql
group and the mysql
user. The
syntax for useradd
and groupadd
may differ slightly on different
versions of Unix. They may also be called adduser
and addgroup
.
You may wish to call the user and group something else instead of mysql
.
shell> cd /usr/local
shell> gunzip < /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf - shell> ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysqlUsing GNU tar, you can also replace the first line with the following alternative command to decompress and extract the distribution in one go:
shell> tar zxvf /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gzThe first command creates a directory named `mysql-VERSION-OS'. The second command makes a symbolic link to that directory. This lets you refer more easily to the installation directory as `/usr/local/mysql'.
shell> cd mysqlYou will find several files and subdirectories in the
mysql
directory.
The most important for installation purposes are the `bin' and
`scripts' subdirectories.
PATH
environment variable so that your shell finds the MySQL
programs properly. See section F Environment Variables.
mysql_install_db
script used to initialise
the mysql
database containing the grant tables that store the server
access permissions.
mysqlaccess
and have the MySQL
distribution in some non-standard place, you must change the location where
mysqlaccess
expects to find the mysql
client. Edit the
`bin/mysqlaccess' script at approximately line 18. Search for a line
that looks like this:
$MYSQL = '/usr/local/bin/mysql'; # path to mysql executableChange the path to reflect the location where
mysql
actually is
stored on your system. If you do not do this, you will get a Broken
pipe
error when you run mysqlaccess
.
shell> scripts/mysql_install_dbNote that MySQL versions older than Version 3.22.10 started the MySQL server when you run
mysql_install_db
. This is no
longer true.
root
and ownership of the data
directory to the user that you will run mysqld
as:
shell> chown -R root /usr/local/mysql/. shell> chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/data shell> chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/.The first command changes the
owner
attribute of the files to the
root
user, the second one changes the owner
attribute of the
data directory to the mysql
user, and the third one changes the
group
attribute to the mysql
group.
DBI
/DBD
interface,
see section 2.7 Perl Installation Comments.
support-files/mysql.server
to the location where
your system has its startup files. More information can be found in the
support-files/mysql.server
script itself and in
section 2.4.3 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically.
After everything has been unpacked and installed, you should initialise and test your distribution.
You can start the MySQL server with the following command:
shell> bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
Now proceed to section 4.7.2 mysqld_safe
, The Wrapper Around mysqld
, and
See section 2.4 Post-installation Setup and Testing.
Before you proceed with the source installation, check first to see if our binary is available for your platform and if it will work for you. We put a lot of effort into making sure that our binaries are built with the best possible options.
You need the following tools to build and install MySQL from source:
gunzip
to uncompress the distribution.
tar
to unpack the distribution. GNU tar
is
known to work. Some tar
implementations that come pre-installed
with the operating system (e.g. Sun tar
) are known to have problems
(with long file names, for example). In that case, you should install
GNU tar
first.
gcc
>= 2.95.2, egcs
>= 1.0.2
or egcs 2.91.66
, SGI C++, and SunPro C++ are some of the
compilers that are known to work. libg++
is not needed when
using gcc
. gcc
2.7.x has a bug that makes it impossible
to compile some perfectly legal C++ files, such as
`sql/sql_base.cc'. If you only have gcc
2.7.x, you must
upgrade your gcc
to be able to compile MySQL. gcc
2.8.1 is also known to have problems on some platforms, so it should be
avoided if a new compiler exists for the platform.
gcc
>= 2.95.2 is recommended when compiling MySQL
Version 3.23.x.
make
program. GNU make
is always recommended and is
sometimes required. If you have problems, we recommend trying GNU
make
3.75 or newer.
If you are using a recent version of gcc
, recent enough to understand the
-fno-exceptions
option, it is very important that you use
it. Otherwise, you may compile a binary that crashes randomly. We also
recommend that you use -felide-constructors
and -fno-rtti
along
with -fno-exceptions
. When in doubt, do the following:
CFLAGS="-O3" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions \ -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler \ --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
On most systems this will give you a fast and stable binary.
If you run into problems, please always use mysqlbug
when
posting questions to a MySQL mailing list. Even if the problem
isn't a bug, mysqlbug
gathers system information that will help others
solve your problem. By not using mysqlbug
, you lessen the likelihood
of getting a solution to your problem. You will find mysqlbug
in the
`scripts' directory after you unpack the distribution.
See section 1.6.1.3 How to Report Bugs or Problems.
The basic commands you must execute to install a MySQL source distribution are:
shell> groupadd mysql shell> useradd -g mysql mysql shell> gunzip < mysql-VERSION.tar.gz | tar -xvf - shell> cd mysql-VERSION shell> ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql shell> make shell> make install shell> scripts/mysql_install_db shell> chown -R root /usr/local/mysql shell> chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var shell> chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql shell> cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf shell> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
If your version of MySQL is older than 4.0, use safe_mysqld
rather than mysqld_safe
.
If you want to have support for InnoDB tables, you should edit the
/etc/my.cnf
file and remove the #
character before the
parameter that starts with innodb_...
.
See section 4.1.2 `my.cnf' Option Files, and section 7.5.3 InnoDB Startup Options.
If you start from a source RPM, do the following:
shell> rpm --rebuild --clean MySQL-VERSION.src.rpm
This will make a binary RPM that you can install.
You can add new users using the bin/mysql_setpermission
script if
you install the DBI
and DBD-mysql
Perl modules.
A more detailed description follows.
To install a source distribution, follow these steps, then proceed to section 2.4 Post-installation Setup and Testing, for post-installation initialisation and testing:
BDB
or BerkeleyDB
Tables.
MySQL source distributions are provided as compressed tar
archives and have names like `mysql-VERSION.tar.gz', where
VERSION
is a number like 4.1.1-alpha.
mysqld
to run as:
shell> groupadd mysql shell> useradd -g mysql mysqlThese commands add the
mysql
group and the mysql
user. The
syntax for useradd
and groupadd
may differ slightly on different
versions of Unix. They may also be called adduser
and addgroup
.
You may wish to call the user and group something else instead of mysql
.
shell> gunzip < /path/to/mysql-VERSION.tar.gz | tar xvf -This command creates a directory named `mysql-VERSION'.
shell> cd mysql-VERSIONNote that currently you must configure and build MySQL from this top-level directory. You cannot build it in a different directory.
shell> ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql shell> makeWhen you run
configure
, you might want to specify some options.
Run ./configure --help
for a list of options.
section 2.3.3 Typical configure
Options, discusses some of the
more useful options.
If configure
fails, and you are going to send mail to a MySQL mailing
list to ask for assistance, please include any
lines from `config.log' that you think can help solve the problem. Also
include the last couple of lines of output from configure
if
configure
aborts. Post the bug report using the mysqlbug
script. See section 1.6.1.3 How to Report Bugs or Problems.
If the compile fails, see section 2.3.5 Problems Compiling MySQL?, for help with
a number of common problems.
shell> make installYou might need to run this command as
root
.
shell> scripts/mysql_install_dbNote that MySQL versions older than Version 3.22.10 started the MySQL server when you run
mysql_install_db
. This is no
longer true.
root
and ownership of the data
directory to the user that you will run mysqld
as:
shell> chown -R root /usr/local/mysql shell> chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var shell> chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysqlThe first command changes the
owner
attribute of the files to the
root
user, the second one changes the owner
attribute of the
data directory to the mysql
user, and the third one changes the
group
attribute to the mysql
group.
DBI
/DBD
interface,
see section 2.7 Perl Installation Comments.
support-files/mysql.server
to the location where
your system has its startup files. More information can be found in the
support-files/mysql.server
script itself and in
section 2.4.3 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically.
After everything has been installed, you should initialise and test your distribution:
shell> /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
If that command fails immediately with mysqld daemon ended
, you can
find some information in the file `mysql-data-directory/'hostname'.err'.
The likely reason is that you already have another mysqld
server
running. See section 4.1.3 Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine.
Now proceed to section 2.4 Post-installation Setup and Testing.
Sometimes patches appear on the mailing list or are placed in the patches area of the MySQL web site (http://www.mysql.com/downloads/patches.html).
To apply a patch from the mailing list, save the message in which the patch appears in a file, change into the top-level directory of your MySQL source tree, and run these commands:
shell> patch -p1 < patch-file-name shell> rm config.cache shell> make clean
Patches from the FTP site are distributed as plain text files or as files
compressed with gzip
. Apply a plain patch as shown
previously for
mailing list patches. To apply a compressed patch, change into the
top-level directory of your MySQL source tree and run these
commands:
shell> gunzip < patch-file-name.gz | patch -p1 shell> rm config.cache shell> make clean
After applying a patch, follow the instructions for a normal source install,
beginning with the ./configure
step. After running the make
install
step, restart your MySQL server.
You may need to bring down any currently running server before you run
make install
. (Use mysqladmin shutdown
to do this.) Some
systems do not allow you to install a new version of a program if it replaces
the version that is currently executing.
configure
Options
The configure
script gives you a great deal of control over how
you configure your MySQL distribution. Typically you do this
using options on the configure
command-line. You can also affect
configure
using certain environment variables. See section F Environment Variables. For a list of options supported by configure
, run
this command:
shell> ./configure --help
Some of the more commonly-used configure
options are described here:
--without-server
option:
shell> ./configure --without-serverIf you don't have a C++ compiler,
mysql
will not compile (it is the
one client program that requires C++). In this case,
you can remove the code in configure
that tests for the C++ compiler
and then run ./configure
with the --without-server
option. The
compile step will still try to build mysql
, but you can ignore any
warnings about `mysql.cc'. (If make
stops, try make -k
to tell it to continue with the rest of the build even if errors occur.)
libmysqld.a
) you should
use the --with-embedded-server
option.
configure
command, something like one
of these:
shell> ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql shell> ./configure --prefix=/usr/local \ --localstatedir=/usr/local/mysql/dataThe first command changes the installation prefix so that everything is installed under `/usr/local/mysql' rather than the default of `/usr/local'. The second command preserves the default installation prefix, but overrides the default location for database directories (normally `/usr/local/var') and changes it to
/usr/local/mysql/data
. After you have compiled MySQL, you can
change these options with option files. See section 4.1.2 `my.cnf' Option Files.
configure
command like this:
shell> ./configure --with-unix-socket-path=/usr/local/mysql/tmp/mysql.sockNote that the given file must be an absolute pathname. You can also later change the location `mysql.sock' by using the MySQL option files. See section A.4.5 How to Protect or Change the MySQL Socket File `/tmp/mysql.sock'.
configure
like this:
shell> ./configure --with-client-ldflags=-all-static \ --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
gcc
and don't have libg++
or libstdc++
installed, you can tell configure
to use gcc
as your C++
compiler:
shell> CC=gcc CXX=gcc ./configureWhen you use
gcc
as your C++ compiler, it will not attempt to link in
libg++
or libstdc++
. This may be a good idea to do even if you
have the above libraries installed, as some versions of these libraries have
caused strange problems for MySQL users in the past.
Here are some common environment variables to set depending on
the compiler you are using:
Compiler | Recommended options |
gcc 2.7.2.1 | CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors" |
egcs 1.0.3a | CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" |
gcc 2.95.2 | CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro \ -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" |
pgcc 2.90.29 or newer | CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro -mstack-align-double" CXX=gcc \ CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro -mstack-align-double -felide-constructors \ -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" |
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler \ --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-staticThe full configure line would, in other words, be something like the following for all recent gcc versions:
CFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -mpentiumpro \ -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure \ --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler \ --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-staticThe binaries we provide on the MySQL web site at http://www.mysql.com/ are all compiled with full optimisation and should be perfect for most users. See section 2.2.10 MySQL Binaries Compiled by MySQL AB. There are some things you can tweak to make an even faster binary, but this is only for advanced users. See section 5.5.3 How Compiling and Linking Affects the Speed of MySQL. If the build fails and produces errors about your compiler or linker not being able to create the shared library `libmysqlclient.so.#' (`#' is a version number), you can work around this problem by giving the
--disable-shared
option to configure
. In this case,
configure
will not build a shared `libmysqlclient.so.#' library.
DEFAULT
column values for
non-NULL
columns (that is, columns that are not allowed to be
NULL
). See section 1.7.5.2 Constraint NOT NULL
and DEFAULT
values.
shell> CXXFLAGS=-DDONT_USE_DEFAULT_FIELDS ./configure
--with-charset
option:
shell> ./configure --with-charset=CHARSET
CHARSET
may be one of big5
, cp1251
, cp1257
,
czech
, danish
, dec8
, dos
, euc_kr
,
gb2312
, gbk
, german1
, hebrew
, hp8
,
hungarian
, koi8_ru
, koi8_ukr
, latin1
,
latin2
, sjis
, swe7
, tis620
, ujis
,
usa7
, or win1251ukr
.
See section 4.6.1 The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting.
If you want to convert characters between the server and the client,
you should take a look at the SET CHARACTER SET
command.
See section 5.5.6 SET
Syntax.
Warning: If you change character sets after having created any
tables, you will have to run myisamchk -r -q --set-character-set=charset
on every table. Your
indexes may be sorted incorrectly otherwise. (This can happen if you
install MySQL, create some tables, then reconfigure
MySQL to use a different character set and reinstall it.)
With the option --with-extra-charsets=LIST
you can define
which additional character sets should be compiled into the server.
Here LIST
is either a list of character
sets separated with spaces,
complex
to include all characters that can't be dynamically loaded,
or all
to include all character sets into the binaries.
--with-debug
option:
shell> ./configure --with-debugThis causes a safe memory allocator to be included that can find some errors and that provides output about what is happening. See section E.1 Debugging a MySQL server.
--enable-thread-safe-client
configure options. This will create a
libmysqlclient_r
library with which you should link your threaded
applications. See section 9.1.14 How to Make a Threaded Client.
Caution: You should read this section only if you are interested in helping us test our new code. If you just want to get MySQL up and running on your system, you should use a standard release distribution (either a source or binary distribution will do).
To obtain our most recent development source tree, use these instructions:
BitKeeper
from
http://www.bitmover.com/cgi-bin/download.cgi. You will need
Bitkeeper
3.0 or newer to access our repository.
BitKeeper
is installed, first go to the directory you
want to work from, and then use one of the following commands to clone
the MySQL version branch of your choice:
To clone the 3.23 (old) branch, use this command:
shell> bk clone bk://mysql.bkbits.net/mysql-3.23 mysql-3.23To clone the 4.0 (stable/production) branch, use this command:
shell> bk clone bk://mysql.bkbits.net/mysql-4.0 mysql-4.0To clone the 4.1 alpha branch, use this command:
shell> bk clone bk://mysql.bkbits.net/mysql-4.1 mysql-4.1To clone the 5.0 development branch, use this command:
shell> bk clone bk://mysql.bkbits.net/mysql-5.0 mysql-5.0In the preceding examples the source tree will be set up in the `mysql-3.23/', `mysql-4.0/', `mysql-4.1/', or `mysql-5.0/' subdirectory of your current directory. If you are behind a firewall and can only initiate HTTP connections, you can also use
BitKeeper
via HTTP.
If you are required to use a proxy server, simply set the environment
variable http_proxy
to point to your proxy:
shell> export http_proxy="http://your.proxy.server:8080/"Now, simply replace the
bk://
with http://
when doing
a clone. Example:
shell> bk clone http://mysql.bkbits.net/mysql-4.1 mysql-4.1The initial download of the source tree may take a while, depending on the speed of your connection - please be patient.
make
, autoconf 2.53 (or newer)
,
automake 1.5
, libtool 1.4
, and m4
to run the next
set of commands. Even though many operating system already come with their
own implementation of make
, chances are high that the compilation
fails with strange error messages. Therefore it is highly recommended to
use GNU make
(sometimes also named gmake
) by all means.
Fortunately, a large number of operating systems already ship with the GNU
toolchain preinstalled or supply installable packages of these. In any case,
they can also be downloaded from the following locations:
bison 1.75
. Older versions of bison
may report this error:
sql_yacc.yy:#####: fatal error: maximum table size (32767)
exceeded
. Note: the maximum table size is not actually exceeded,
the error is caused by bugs in these earlier bison
versions.
Versions of MySQL before version 4.1 may also compile with other
yacc
implementations (e.g. BSD yacc
91.7.30). For later
versions, GNU bison
is a requirement.
The typical command to do in a shell is:
cd mysql-4.0 bk -r edit aclocal; autoheader; autoconf; automake (cd innobase ; aclocal; autoheader; autoconf; automake) # for InnoDB (cd bdb/dist ; sh s_all ) # for Berkeley DB ./configure # Add your favorite options here makeIf you get some strange error during this stage, check that you really have
libtool
installed.
A collection of our standard configure scripts is located in the
`BUILD/' subdirectory. If you are lazy, you can use
`BUILD/compile-pentium-debug'. To compile on a different architecture,
modify the script by removing flags that are Pentium-specific.
make install
. Be careful with this
on a production machine; the command may overwrite your live release
installation. If you have another installation of MySQL, we
recommend that you run ./configure
with different values for the
prefix
, with-tcp-port
, and unix-socket-path
options than
those used for your production server.
make test
. See section 12.1.2 MySQL Test Suite.
make
stage and the distribution does
not compile, please report it in our bugs database at
http://bugs.mysql.com/. If you
have installed the latest versions of the required GNU tools, and they
crash trying to process our configuration files, please report that also.
However, if you execute aclocal
and get a command not found
error or a similar problem, do not report it. Instead, make sure all
the necessary tools are installed and that your PATH
variable is
set correctly so that your shell can find them.
bk clone
operation to get the source tree, you
should run bk pull
periodically to get the updates.
bk sccstool
. If you see some funny diffs or code that you have a
question about, do not hesitate to send e-mail to the MySQL internals mailing
list.
See section 1.6.1.1 The MySQL Mailing Lists.
Also, if you think you have a better idea
on how to do something, send an e-mail to the same address with a patch.
bk diffs
will produce a patch for you after you have made changes
to the source. If you do not have the time to code your idea, just send
a description.
BitKeeper
has a nice help utility that you can access via
bk helptool
.
bk ci
or bk citool
) will
trigger the posting of a message with the changeset to our internals
mailing list, as well as the usual openlogging.org submission with
just the changeset comments.
Generally, you wouldn't need to use commit (since the public tree will
not allow bk push
), but rather use the bk diffs
method
described previously.
You can also browse changesets, comments and sourcecode online by browsing to for example, http://mysql.bkbits.net:8080/mysql-4.1 For MySQL 4.1.
The manual is in a separate tree which can be cloned with:
shell> bk clone bk://mysql.bkbits.net/mysqldoc mysqldoc
There are also public BitKeeper trees for MySQL Control Center and Connector/ODBC. They can be cloned respectively as follows.
To clone MySQL Control center, use this command:
shell> bk clone http://mysql.bkbits.net/mysqlcc mysqlcc
To clone Connector/ODBC, use this command:
shell> bk clone http://mysql.bkbits.net/myodbc3 myodbc3
All MySQL programs compile cleanly for us with no warnings on
Solaris or Linux using gcc
. On other systems, warnings may occur due to
differences in system include files. See section 2.3.6 MIT-pthreads Notes for warnings
that may occur when using MIT-pthreads. For other problems, check
the following list.
The solution to many problems involves reconfiguring. If you do need to reconfigure, take note of the following:
configure
is run after it already has been run, it may use
information that was gathered during its previous invocation. This
information is stored in `config.cache'. When configure
starts
up, it looks for that file and reads its contents if it exists, on the
assumption that the information is still correct. That assumption is invalid
when you reconfigure.
configure
, you must run make
again
to recompile. However, you may want to remove old object files from previous
builds first because they were compiled using different configuration options.
To prevent old configuration information or object files from being used,
run these commands before rerunning configure
:
shell> rm config.cache shell> make clean
Alternatively, you can run make distclean
.
The following list describes some of the problems when compiling MySQL that have been found to occur most often:
Internal compiler error: program cc1plus got fatal signal 11 or Out of virtual memory or Virtual memory exhaustedThe problem is that
gcc
requires huge amounts of memory to compile
`sql_yacc.cc' with inline functions. Try running configure
with
the --with-low-memory
option:
shell> ./configure --with-low-memoryThis option causes
-fno-inline
to be added to the compile line if you
are using gcc
and -O0
if you are using something else. You
should try the --with-low-memory
option even if you have so much
memory and swap space that you think you can't possibly have run out. This
problem has been observed to occur even on systems with generous hardware
configurations, and the --with-low-memory
option usually fixes it.
configure
picks c++
as the compiler name and
GNU c++
links with -lg++
. If you are using gcc
,
that behaviour can cause problems during configuration such as this:
configure: error: installation or configuration problem: C++ compiler cannot create executables.You might also observe problems during compilation related to
g++
, libg++
, or libstdc++
.
One cause of these problems is that you may not have g++
, or you may
have g++
but not libg++
, or libstdc++
. Take a look at
the `config.log' file. It should contain the exact reason why your C++
compiler didn't work. To work around these problems, you can use gcc
as your C++ compiler. Try setting the environment variable CXX
to
"gcc -O3"
. For example:
shell> CXX="gcc -O3" ./configureThis works because
gcc
compiles C++ sources as well as g++
does, but does not link in libg++
or libstdc++
by default.
Another way to fix these problems, of course, is to install g++
,
libg++
, and libstdc++
. We would however like to recommend
you to not use libg++
or libstdc++
with MySQL as this will
only increase the binary size of mysqld without giving you any benefits.
Some versions of these libraries have also caused strange problems for
MySQL users in the past.
Using gcc
as the C++ compiler is also required, if you want to
compile MySQL with RAID functionality (see section 6.5.3 CREATE TABLE
Syntax for more info
on RAID table type) and you are using GNU gcc
version 3 and above. If
you get errors like the ones below during the linking stage when you
configure MySQL to compile with the option --with-raid
, try to use
gcc
as your C++ compiler by defining the above mentioned environment
variable CXX
:
gcc -O3 -DDBUG_OFF -rdynamic -o isamchk isamchk.o sort.o libnisam.a ../mysys/libmysys.a ../dbug/libdbug.a ../strings/libmystrings.a -lpthread -lz -lcrypt -lnsl -lm -lpthread ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x79): In function `my_raid_create': : undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned)' ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0xdd): In function `my_raid_create': : undefined reference to `operator delete(void*)' ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x129): In function `my_raid_open': : undefined reference to `operator new(unsigned)' ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x189): In function `my_raid_open': : undefined reference to `operator delete(void*)' ../mysys/libmysys.a(raid.o)(.text+0x64b): In function `my_raid_close': : undefined reference to `operator delete(void*)' collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
make
to GNU make
:
making all in mit-pthreads make: Fatal error in reader: Makefile, line 18: Badly formed macro assignment or make: file `Makefile' line 18: Must be a separator (: or pthread.h: No such file or directorySolaris and FreeBSD are known to have troublesome
make
programs.
GNU make
Version 3.75 is known to work.
CFLAGS
and CXXFLAGS
environment
variables. You can also specify the compiler names this way using CC
and CXX
. For example:
shell> CC=gcc shell> CFLAGS=-O3 shell> CXX=gcc shell> CXXFLAGS=-O3 shell> export CC CFLAGS CXX CXXFLAGSSee section 2.2.10 MySQL Binaries Compiled by MySQL AB, for a list of flag definitions that have been found to be useful on various systems.
gcc
compiler:
client/libmysql.c:273: parse error before `__attribute__'
gcc
2.8.1 is known to work, but we recommend using gcc
2.95.2 or
egcs
1.0.3a instead.
mysqld
,
configure
didn't correctly detect the type of the last argument to
accept()
, getsockname()
, or getpeername()
:
cxx: Error: mysqld.cc, line 645: In this statement, the referenced type of the pointer value ''length'' is ''unsigned long'', which is not compatible with ''int''. new_sock = accept(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&cAddr, &length);To fix this, edit the `config.h' file (which is generated by
configure
). Look for these lines:
/* Define as the base type of the last arg to accept */ #define SOCKET_SIZE_TYPE XXXChange
XXX
to size_t
or int
, depending on your
operating system. (Note that you will have to do this each time you run
configure
because configure
regenerates `config.h'.)
"sql_yacc.yy", line xxx fatal: default action causes potential...This is a sign that your version of
yacc
is deficient.
You probably need to install bison
(the GNU version of yacc
)
and use that instead.
mysqld
or a MySQL client, run
configure
with the --with-debug
option, then recompile and
link your clients with the new client library. See section E.2 Debugging a MySQL client.
libmysql.c:1329: warning: passing arg 5 of `gethostbyname_r' from incompatible pointer type libmysql.c:1329: too few arguments to function `gethostbyname_r' libmysql.c:1329: warning: assignment makes pointer from integer without a cast make[2]: *** [libmysql.lo] Error 1By default, the
configure
script attempts to determine the correct
number of arguments by using g++
the GNU C++ compiler. This test
yields wrong results, if g++
is not installed. There are two ways
to work around this problem:
g++
is installed. On some Linux
distributions, the required package is called gpp
, on others it
is named gcc-c++
.
gcc
as your C++ compiler by setting the CXX
environment
variable to gcc
:
export CXX="gcc"
configure
again afterwards.
This section describes some of the issues involved in using MIT-pthreads.
Note that on Linux you should not use MIT-pthreads but use the installed LinuxThreads implementation instead. See section 2.6.2 Linux Notes (All Linux Versions).
If your system does not provide native thread support, you will need to build MySQL using the MIT-pthreads package. This includes older FreeBSD systems, SunOS 4.x, Solaris 2.4 and earlier, and some others. See section 2.2.5 Operating Systems Supported by MySQL.
Note, that beginning with MySQL 4.0.2 MIT-pthreads are no longer part of the source distribution. If you require this package, you need to download it separately from http://www.mysql.com/Downloads/Contrib/pthreads-1_60_beta6-mysql.tar.gz
After downloading, extract this source archive into the top level of the
MySQL source directory. It will create a new subdirectory
mit-pthreads
.
configure
with the --with-mit-threads
option:
shell> ./configure --with-mit-threadsBuilding in a non-source directory is not supported when using MIT-pthreads because we want to minimise our changes to this code.
--without-server
to build only the client code, clients will not know whether
MIT-pthreads is being used and will use Unix socket connections by default.
Because Unix sockets do not work under MIT-pthreads on some platforms, this
means you will need to use -h
or --host
when you run client
programs.
--external-locking
option. This is only
needed if you want to be able to run two MySQL servers against the same
datafiles (not recommended).
bind()
command fails to bind to a socket without
any error message (at least on Solaris). The result is that all connections
to the server fail. For example:
shell> mysqladmin version mysqladmin: connect to server at '' failed; error: 'Can't connect to mysql server on localhost (146)'The solution to this is to kill the
mysqld
server and restart it.
This has only happened to us when we have forced the server down and done
a restart immediately.
sleep()
system call isn't interruptible with
SIGINT
(break). This is only noticeable when you run
mysqladmin --sleep
. You must wait for the sleep()
call to
terminate before the interrupt is served and the process stops.
ld: warning: symbol `_iob' has differing sizes: (file /my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) value=0x4; file /usr/lib/libc.so value=0x140); /my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) definition taken ld: warning: symbol `__iob' has differing sizes: (file /my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) value=0x4; file /usr/lib/libc.so value=0x140); /my/local/pthreads/lib/libpthread.a(findfp.o) definition taken
implicit declaration of function `int strtoll(...)' implicit declaration of function `int strtoul(...)'
readline
to work with MIT-pthreads. (This isn't
needed, but may be interesting for someone.)
You will need the following:
Building MySQL:
File
menu, select Open Workspace
.
Build
menu,
select the Set Active Configuration
menu.
mysqld - Win32 Debug
and click OK.
F7
to begin the build of the debug server, libraries, and
some client applications.
c:\mysql
directory the
following directories:
Set up and start the server in the same way as for the binary Windows distribution. See section 2.1.1.2 Preparing the Windows MySQL Environment.
Once you've installed MySQL (from either a binary or source distribution), you need to initialise the grant tables, start the server, and make sure that the server works okay. You may also wish to arrange for the server to be started and stopped automatically when your system starts up and shuts down.
Normally you install the grant tables and start the server like this for installation from a source distribution:
shell> ./scripts/mysql_install_db shell> cd mysql_installation_directory shell> ./bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
For a binary distribution (not RPM or pkg packages), do this:
shell> cd mysql_installation_directory shell> ./scripts/mysql_install_db shell> ./bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
The mysql_install_db
script creates the mysql
database
which will hold all database privileges, the test
database which
you can use to test MySQL, and also privilege entries for the user that
runs mysql_install_db
and a root
user. The entries are
created without passwords. The mysqld_safe
script starts the
mysqld
server. (If your version of MySQL is older than 4.0,
use safe_mysqld
rather than mysqld_safe
.)
mysql_install_db
will not overwrite any old privilege tables, so
it should be safe to run in any circumstances. If you don't want to
have the test
database you can remove it with mysqladmin -u
root drop test
after starting the server.
Testing is most easily done from the top-level directory of the MySQL distribution. For a binary distribution, this is your installation directory (typically something like `/usr/local/mysql'). For a source distribution, this is the main directory of your MySQL source tree.
In the commands shown in this section and in the following
subsections, BINDIR
is the path to the location in which programs
like mysqladmin
and mysqld_safe
are installed. For a
binary distribution, this is the `bin' directory within the
distribution. For a source distribution, BINDIR
is probably
`/usr/local/bin', unless you specified an installation directory
other than `/usr/local' when you ran configure
.
EXECDIR
is the location in which the mysqld
server is
installed. For a binary distribution, this is the same as
BINDIR
. For a source distribution, EXECDIR
is probably
`/usr/local/libexec'.
Testing is described in detail:
mysqld
server and set up the initial
MySQL grant tables containing the privileges that determine how
users are allowed to connect to the server. This is normally done with the
mysql_install_db
script:
shell> scripts/mysql_install_dbTypically,
mysql_install_db
needs to be run only the first time you
install MySQL. Therefore, if you are upgrading an existing
installation, you can skip this step. (However, mysql_install_db
is
quite safe to use and will not update any tables that already exist, so if
you are unsure of what to do, you can always run mysql_install_db
.)
mysql_install_db
creates six tables (user
, db
,
host
, tables_priv
, columns_priv
, and func
) in the
mysql
database. A description of the initial privileges is given in
section 4.3.4 Setting Up the Initial MySQL Privileges. Briefly, these privileges allow the MySQL
root
user to do anything, and allow anybody to create or use databases
with a name of test
or starting with test_
.
If you don't set up the grant tables, the following error will appear in the
log file when you start the server:
mysqld: Can't find file: 'host.frm'This may also happen with a binary MySQL distribution if you don't start MySQL by executing exactly
./bin/mysqld_safe
.
See section 4.7.2 mysqld_safe
, The Wrapper Around mysqld
.
You might need to run mysql_install_db
as root
. However,
if you prefer, you can run the MySQL server as an unprivileged
(non-root
) user, provided that the user can read and write files in
the database directory. Instructions for running MySQL as an
unprivileged user are given in section A.3.2 How to Run MySQL As a Normal User.
If you have problems with mysql_install_db
, see
section 2.4.1 Problems Running mysql_install_db
.
There are some alternatives to running the mysql_install_db
script as it is provided in the MySQL distribution:
mysql_install_db
before running it, to change
the initial privileges that are installed into the grant tables. This is
useful if you want to install MySQL on a lot of machines with the
same privileges. In this case you probably should need only to add a few
extra INSERT
statements to the mysql.user
and mysql.db
tables.
mysql_install_db
, then use mysql -u root mysql
to
connect to the grant tables as the MySQL root
user and issue
SQL statements to modify the grant tables directly.
mysql_install_db
.
shell> cd mysql_installation_directory shell> bin/mysqld_safe &If you have problems starting the server, see section 2.4.2 Problems Starting the MySQL Server.
mysqladmin
to verify that the server is running. The following
commands provide a simple test to check that the server is up and responding
to connections:
shell> BINDIR/mysqladmin version shell> BINDIR/mysqladmin variablesThe output from
mysqladmin version
varies slightly depending on your
platform and version of MySQL, but should be similar to that shown here:
shell> BINDIR/mysqladmin version mysqladmin Ver 8.14 Distrib 3.23.32, for linux on i586 Copyright (C) 2000 MySQL AB & MySQL Finland AB & TCX DataKonsult AB This software comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. This is free software, and you are welcome to modify and redistribute it under the GPL license. Server version 3.23.32-debug Protocol version 10 Connection Localhost via Unix socket TCP port 3306 UNIX socket /tmp/mysql.sock Uptime: 16 sec Threads: 1 Questions: 9 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 7 Flush tables: 2 Open tables: 0 Queries per second avg: 0.000 Memory in use: 132K Max memory used: 16773KTo get a feeling for what else you can do with
BINDIR/mysqladmin
,
invoke it with the --help
option.
shell> BINDIR/mysqladmin -u root shutdown
mysqld_safe
or
by invoking mysqld
directly. For example:
shell> BINDIR/mysqld_safe --log &If
mysqld_safe
fails, try running it from the MySQL
installation directory (if you are not already there). If that doesn't work,
see section 2.4.2 Problems Starting the MySQL Server.
shell> BINDIR/mysqlshow +-----------+ | Databases | +-----------+ | mysql | +-----------+ shell> BINDIR/mysqlshow mysql Database: mysql +--------------+ | Tables | +--------------+ | columns_priv | | db | | func | | host | | tables_priv | | user | +--------------+ shell> BINDIR/mysql -e "SELECT host,db,user FROM db" mysql +------+--------+------+ | host | db | user | +------+--------+------+ | % | test | | | % | test_% | | +------+--------+------+There is also a benchmark suite in the `sql-bench' directory (under the MySQL installation directory) that you can use to compare how MySQL performs on different platforms. The benchmark suite is written in Perl, using the Perl DBI module to provide a database-independent interface to the various databases. The following additional Perl modules are required to run the benchmark suite:
DBI DBD-mysql Data-Dumper Data-ShowTableThese modules can be obtained from CPAN http://www.cpan.org/. See section 2.7.1 Installing Perl on Unix. The `sql-bench/Results' directory contains the results from many runs against different databases and platforms. To run all tests, execute these commands:
shell> cd sql-bench shell> run-all-testsIf you don't have the `sql-bench' directory, you are probably using an RPM for a binary distribution. (Source distribution RPMs include the benchmark directory.) In this case, you must first install the benchmark suite before you can use it. Beginning with MySQL Version 3.22, there are benchmark RPM files named `mysql-bench-VERSION-i386.rpm' that contain benchmark code and data. If you have a source distribution, you can also run the tests in the `tests' subdirectory. For example, to run `auto_increment.tst', do this:
shell> BINDIR/mysql -vvf test < ./tests/auto_increment.tstThe expected results are shown in the `./tests/auto_increment.res' file.
mysql_install_db
The purpose of the mysql_install_db
script is to generate new
MySQL privilege tables. It will not affect any other data.
It will also not do anything if you already have MySQL privilege
tables installed.
If you want to re-create your privilege tables, you should take down
the mysqld
server, if it's running, and then do something like:
mv mysql-data-directory/mysql mysql-data-directory/mysql-old mysql_install_db
This section lists problems you might encounter when you run
mysql_install_db
:
mysql_install_db
doesn't install the grant tables
mysql_install_db
fails to install the grant
tables and terminates after displaying the following messages:
starting mysqld daemon with databases from XXXXXX mysql daemon endedIn this case, you should examine the log file very carefully. The log should be located in the directory `XXXXXX' named by the error message, and should indicate why
mysqld
didn't start. If you don't understand
what happened, include the log when you post a bug report using
mysqlbug
.
See section 1.6.1.3 How to Report Bugs or Problems.
mysqld
daemon running
mysql_install_db
at
all. You have to run mysql_install_db
only once, when you install
MySQL the first time.
mysqld
daemon doesn't work when one daemon is running
Can't start server: Bind on
TCP/IP port: Address already in use
or Can't start server: Bind on
unix socket...
. See section 4.1.3 Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine.
mysql_install_db
or when
starting or using mysqld
.
You can specify a different socket and temporary directory as follows:
shell> TMPDIR=/some_tmp_dir/ shell> MYSQL_UNIX_PORT=/some_tmp_dir/mysqld.sock shell> export TMPDIR MYSQL_UNIX_PORTSee section A.4.5 How to Protect or Change the MySQL Socket File `/tmp/mysql.sock'. `some_tmp_dir' should be the path to some directory for which you have write permission. See section F Environment Variables. After this you should be able to run
mysql_install_db
and start
the server with these commands:
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db shell> BINDIR/mysqld_safe &
mysqld
crashes immediately
glibc
older than
2.0.7-5, you should make sure you have installed all glibc
patches.
There is a lot of information about this in the MySQL mail
archives. Links to the mail archives are available online at
http://lists.mysql.com/.
Also, see section 2.6.2 Linux Notes (All Linux Versions).
You can also start mysqld
manually using the --skip-grant-tables
option and add the privilege information yourself using mysql
:
shell> BINDIR/mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables & shell> BINDIR/mysql -u root mysqlFrom
mysql
, manually execute the SQL commands in
mysql_install_db
. Make sure you run mysqladmin
flush-privileges
or mysqladmin reload
afterward to tell the server to
reload the grant tables.
If you are going to use tables that support transactions (InnoDB, BDB), you should first create a `my.cnf' file and set startup options for the table types you plan to use. See section 7 MySQL Table Types.
Generally, you start the mysqld
server in one of these ways:
mysql.server
. This script is used primarily at
system startup and shutdown, and is described more fully in
section 2.4.3 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically.
mysqld_safe
, which tries to determine the proper options
for mysqld
and then runs it with those options. See section 4.7.2 mysqld_safe
, The Wrapper Around mysqld
.
mysqld
directly.
When the mysqld
daemon starts up, it changes the directory to the
data directory. This is where it expects to write log files and the pid
(process ID) file, and where it expects to find databases.
The data directory location is hardwired in when the distribution is
compiled. However, if mysqld
expects to find the data directory
somewhere other than where it really is on your system, it will not work
properly. If you have problems with incorrect paths, you can find out
what options mysqld
allows and what the default path settings are by
invoking mysqld
with the --help
option. You can override the
defaults by specifying the correct pathnames as command-line arguments to
mysqld
. (These options can be used with mysqld_safe
as well.)
Normally you should need to tell mysqld
only the base directory under
which MySQL is installed. You can do this with the --basedir
option. You can also use --help
to check the effect of changing path
options (note that --help
must be the final option of the
mysqld
command). For example:
shell> EXECDIR/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local --help
Once you determine the path settings you want, start the server without
the --help
option.
Whichever method you use to start the server, if it fails to start up
correctly, check the log file to see if you can find out why. Log files
are located in the data directory (typically
`/usr/local/mysql/data' for a binary distribution,
`/usr/local/var' for a source distribution, and
`\mysql\data\mysql.err' on Windows). Look in the data directory for
files with names of the form `host_name.err' and
`host_name.log' where host_name
is the name of your server
host. Then check the last few lines of these files:
shell> tail host_name.err shell> tail host_name.log
Look for something like the following in the log file:
000729 14:50:10 bdb: Recovery function for LSN 1 27595 failed 000729 14:50:10 bdb: warning: ./test/t1.db: No such file or directory 000729 14:50:10 Can't init databases
This means that you didn't start mysqld
with --bdb-no-recover
and Berkeley DB found something wrong with its log files when it
tried to recover your databases. To be able to continue, you should
move away the old Berkeley DB log file from the database directory to
some other place, where you can later examine it. The log files are
named `log.0000000001', where the number will increase over time.
If you are running mysqld
with BDB table support and mysqld
core
dumps at start this could be because of some problems with the BDB
recover log. In this case you can try starting mysqld
with
--bdb-no-recover
. If this helps, then you should remove all
`log.*' files from the data directory and try starting mysqld
again.
If you get the following error, it means that some other program (or another
mysqld
server) is already using the TCP/IP port or socket
mysqld
is trying to use:
Can't start server: Bind on TCP/IP port: Address already in use or Can't start server : Bind on unix socket...
Use ps
to make sure that you don't have another mysqld
server
running. If you can't find another server running, you can try to execute
the command telnet your-host-name tcp-ip-port-number
and press
Enter a couple of times. If you don't get an error message like
telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Connection refused
,
something is using the TCP/IP port mysqld
is trying to use.
See section 2.4.1 Problems Running mysql_install_db
and section 4.1.3 Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine.
If mysqld
is currently running, you can find out what path settings
it is using by executing this command:
shell> mysqladmin variables
or
shell> mysqladmin -h 'your-host-name' variables
If you get Errcode 13
, which means Permission denied
, when
starting mysqld
this means that you didn't have the right to
read/create files in the MySQL database or log directory. In this case
you should either start mysqld
as the root
user or change the
permissions for the involved files and directories so that you have the
right to use them.
If mysqld_safe
starts the server but you can't connect to it,
you should make sure you have an entry in `/etc/hosts' that looks like
this:
127.0.0.1 localhost
This problem occurs only on systems that don't have a working thread library and for which MySQL must be configured to use MIT-pthreads.
If you can't get mysqld
to start you can try to make a trace file
to find the problem. See section E.1.2 Creating Trace Files.
If you are using InnoDB tables, refer to the InnoDB-specific startup options. See section 7.5.3 InnoDB Startup Options.
If you are using BDB (Berkeley DB) tables, you should familiarise
yourself with the different BDB-specific startup options. See section 7.6.3 BDB
startup options.
The mysql.server
and mysqld_safe
scripts can be used to start
the server automatically at system startup time. mysql.server
can also
be used to stop the server.
The mysql.server
script can be used to start or stop the server
by invoking it with start
or stop
arguments:
shell> mysql.server start shell> mysql.server stop
mysql.server
can be found in the `share/mysql' directory
under the MySQL installation directory or in the `support-files'
directory of the MySQL source tree.
Note that if you use the Linux RPM package
(MySQL-server-VERSION.rpm
), the mysql.server
script has
already been installed as `/etc/init.d/mysql' - you don't have to
install it manually. See section 2.1.2 Installing MySQL on Linux for more information on the
Linux RPM packages.
On Mac OS X, you can install a separate MySQL Startup Item package to enable the automatic startup of MySQL on system bootup. See section 2.1.3 Installing MySQL on Mac OS X for details.
Before mysql.server
starts the server, it changes the directory to
the MySQL installation directory, then invokes mysqld_safe
.
You might need to edit mysql.server
if you have a binary distribution
that you've installed in a non-standard location. Modify it to cd
into the proper directory before it runs mysqld_safe
. If you want the
server to run as some specific user, add an appropriate user
line
to the `/etc/my.cnf' file, as shown later in this section.
mysql.server stop
brings down the server by sending a signal to it.
You can also take down the server manually by executing
mysqladmin shutdown
.
You need to add these start and stop commands to the appropriate places in your `/etc/rc*' files when you want to start up MySQL automatically on your server.
On most current Linux distributions, it is sufficient to copy the file
mysql.server
into the `/etc/init.d' directory (or
`/etc/rc.d/init.d' on older Red Hat systems). Afterwards, run the
following command to enable the startup of MySQL on system bootup:
shell> chkconfig --add mysql.server
On FreeBSD startup scripts generally should go in
`/usr/local/etc/rc.d/'. The rc(8)
manual page also states that
scripts in this directory are only executed, if their basename matches the
shell globbing pattern *.sh
. Any other files or directories present
within the directory are silently ignored. In other words, on FreeBSD you
should install the file `mysql.server' as
`/usr/local/etc/rc.d/mysql.server.sh' to enable automatic startup.
As an alternative to the above, some operating systems also use `/etc/rc.local' or `/etc/init.d/boot.local' to start additional services on bootup. To start up MySQL using this method, you could append something like the following to it:
/bin/sh -c 'cd /usr/local/mysql ; ./bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &'
You can also add options for mysql.server
in a global
`/etc/my.cnf' file. A typical `/etc/my.cnf' file might look like
this:
[mysqld] datadir=/usr/local/mysql/var socket=/var/tmp/mysql.sock port=3306 user=mysql [mysql.server] basedir=/usr/local/mysql
The mysql.server
script understands the following options:
datadir
, basedir
, and pid-file
.
The following table shows which option groups each startup script reads from option files:
Script | Option groups |
mysqld | [mysqld] and [server]
|
mysql.server | [mysql.server] , [mysqld] , and [server]
|
mysqld_safe | [mysqld] , [server] , and [mysqld_safe]
|
For backward compatibility, mysql.server
also reads the
[mysql_server]
group and mysqld_safe
also reads the
[safe_mysqld]
group. However, you should update your option
files to use the [mysql.server]
and [mysqld_safe]
groups instead.
See section 4.1.2 `my.cnf' Option Files.
Before you do an upgrade, you should back up your old databases.
You can always move the MySQL form files and datafiles between different
versions on the same architecture as long as you have the same base
version of MySQL. The current base version is 4. If you change the
character set when running MySQL,
you must run myisamchk -r -q --set-character-set=charset
on all
tables. Otherwise, your indexes may not be ordered correctly, because
changing the character set may also change the sort order.
If you are afraid of new versions, you can always rename your old
mysqld
to something like mysqld-old-version-number
.
If your new mysqld
then does something unexpected, you can simply
shut it down and restart with your old mysqld
.
If, after an upgrade, you experience problems with recompiled client programs,
such as Commands out of sync
or unexpected core dumps, you probably have
used an old header or library file when compiling your programs. In this
case you should check the date for your `mysql.h' file and
`libmysqlclient.a' library to verify that they are from the new
MySQL distribution. If not, please recompile your programs.
If problems occur, such as that the new mysqld
server doesn't want to
start or that you can't connect without a password, check that you don't
have some old `my.cnf' file from your old installation. You can
check this with: program-name --print-defaults
. If this outputs
anything other than the program name, you have an active `my.cnf'
file that will affect things.
It is a good idea to rebuild and reinstall the Perl DBD-mysql
module whenever you install a new release of MySQL. The same applies to other
MySQL interfaces as well, such as the Python MySQLdb
module.
Some visible things have changed between MySQL 4.0 and MySQL 4.1 to fix some critical bugs and make MySQL more compatible with the ANSI SQL standard.
Instead of adding options (and a lot of code) to try to make 4.1 behave like 4.0 we have taken another approach:
We have added to the later MySQL 4.0 releases (from 4.0.12 on) the
--new
startup option for mysqld
, which gives you the 4.1
behaviour for the most critical changes. You can also set this behaviour
for a given client connection with the SET @@new=1 command
.
If you believe that some of the following changes will affect you when you
upgrade to 4.1, we recommend that before upgrading to 4.1, you download
the latest MySQL 4.0 version and make sure that your applications work
in the --new
mode. This way you will have a smooth painless
upgrade to 4.1 later.
In MySQL 4.1 we have done some things that may affect applications. The following is a list of things that you have to watch out for when upgrading to version 4.1:
clear
function for each aggregate function.
TIMESTAMP
is now returned as a string with the format
'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS'
. If you want to have this as a number (like
Version 4.0 does) should add +0 to TIMESTAMP
columns when you retrieve
them. Different TIMESTAMP
display widths are no longer supported.
This change was necessary for SQL standards compliance. In a future
version, a further change will be made (backward compatible with this
change), allowing the timestamp length to indicate the desired number of
digits for fractions of a second.
DATE
, DATETIME
, or TIME
value, the result returned to the client now is fixed up to have a temporal
type. For example, in MySQL 4.1, you get this result:
mysql> SELECT CAST("2001-1-1" as DATETIME); -> '2001-01-01 00:00:00'In MySQL 4.0, the result is different:
mysql> SELECT CAST("2001-1-1" as DATETIME); -> '2001-01-01'
0xFFDF
now are assumed to be strings instead of
numbers. This fixes some problems with character sets where it's
convenient to input the string as a binary values. With this change,
you should use CAST()
if you want to compare binary values
numerically as integers:
SELECT CAST(0xFEFF AS UNSIGNED INTEGER) < CAST(0xFF AS UNSIGNED INTEGER)Using binary items in a numeric context or comparing them using the
=
operator should work as before. (The --new
option can
be used to make the server behave as 4.1 in this repect from 4.0.13 on.)
AUTO_INCREMENT
columns cannot take DEFAULT
values. (In 4.0
these were just silently ignored; in 4.1, an error occurs).
SERIALIZE
is no longer a valid option value for the sql_mode
variable. You should use SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE
instead. SERIALIZE
is no longer valid for the --sql-mode
option
for mysqld
, either. Use --transaction-isolation=SERIALIZABLE
instead.
SHOW CREATE TABLE
and mysqldump
.
(MySQL versions 4.0.6 and above can read the new dump files; older
versions cannot.)
--shared_memory_base_name
option on all machines.
Note: The table definition format used in `.frm' files
has changed slightly in 4.1. MySQL 4.0 versions from 4.0.11 on can
read the new `.frm' format directly, but older versions cannot.
If you need to move tables from 4.1 to an earlier MySQL version, you
should use mysqldump
.
See section 4.8.6 mysqldump
, Dumping Table Structure and Data.
If you are running MySQL Server on Windows, please also see section 2.5.8 Upgrading MySQL under Windows.
In general, upgrading to 4.1 from an earlier MySQL version involves the following steps:
Password
column that is needed for secure handling of passwords. The
procedure uses the mysql_fix_privilege_tables
and is described
in section 2.5.6 Upgrading the Grant Tables.
The password hashing mechanism has changed in 4.1 to provide better security, but this may cause compatibility problems if you still have clients that use the client library from 4.0 or earlier. (It is very likely that you will have 4.0 clients in situations where clients connect from remote hosts that have not yet upgraded to 4.1). The following list indicates some possible upgrade strategies. They represent various tradeoffs between the goal of compatibility with old clients and the goal of security.
mysql_fix_privilege_tables
script
to widen the Password
column in the user
table so
that it can hold long password hashes. But run the server with the
--old-passwords
option to provide backward compatibility that
allows pre-4.1 clients to continue to connect to their short-hash
accounts.
Eventually, when all your clients are upgraded to 4.1, you can stop using the
--old-passwords
server option. You can also change the passwords for
your MySQL accounts to use the new more secure format.
mysql_fix_privilege_tables
script to widen the
Password
column in the user
table. If you know that all clients
also have been upgraded to 4.1, don't run the server with the
--old-passwords
option. Instead, change the passwords on all existing
accounts so that they have the new format. A pure-4.1 installation
is the most secure.
Further background on password hashing with respect to client authentication and password-changing operations may be found in section 4.2.11 Password Hashing in MySQL 4.1.
In general, you should do the following when upgrading to 4.0 from an earlier MySQL version:
mysql_fix_privilege_tables
script and is described
in section 2.5.6 Upgrading the Grant Tables.
ISAM
files to MyISAM
files with the
mysql_convert_table_format database
script. (This is a Perl script;
it requires that DBI be installed.) To convert the tables in a given database,
use this command:
shell> mysql_convert_table_format database db_nameNote that this should only be used if all tables in the given database are
ISAM
or MyISAM
tables. To avoid converting tables
of other types to MyISAM
, you can explicitly list the names
of your ISAM
tables after the database name on the command
line. You can also issue a ALTER TABLE table_name TYPE=MyISAM
statement for each ISAM
table to convert it to MyISAM
.
DBD-mysql
mode). If you do, you should recompile
them, because the data structures used in `libmysqlclient.so' have changed.
The same applies to other MySQL interfaces as well, such as the Python
MySQLdb
module.
MySQL 4.0 will work even if you don't do the above, but you will not be
able to use the new security privileges that MySQL 4.0 and you may run
into problems when upgrading later to MySQL 4.1 or newer. The ISAM
file
format still works in MySQL 4.0 but it's deprecated and will be disabled
in MySQL 5.0.
Old clients should work with a Version 4.0 server without any problems.
Even if you do the above, you can still downgrade to MySQL 3.23.52
or newer if you run into problems with the MySQL 4.0 series. In
this case, you must use mysqldump
to dump any tables that
use full-text indexes and reload the dump file into the 3.23 server.
This is necessary because 4.0 uses a new format for full-text
indexing.
The following is a more complete list that tells what you must watch out for when upgrading to version 4.0:
mysql.user
table.
See section 4.3.1 GRANT
and REVOKE
Syntax.
To get these new privileges to work, you must update the grant tables.
The procedure is described in section 2.5.6 Upgrading the Grant Tables.
Until you do this, all
users have the SHOW DATABASES
, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES
,
and LOCK TABLES
privileges. SUPER
and EXECUTE
privileges take their value from PROCESS
.
REPLICATION SLAVE
and REPLICATION CLIENT
take their
values from FILE
.
If you have any scripts that create new users, you may want to change
them to use the new privileges. If you are not using GRANT
commands in the scripts, this is a good time to change your scripts to use
GRANT
instead of modifying the grant tables directly..
From version 4.0.2 on, the option --safe-show-database
is deprecated
(and no longer does anything). See section 4.2.3 Startup Options for mysqld
Concerning Security.
If you get Access denied
errors for new users in version 4.0.2 and up, you
should check if you need some of the new grants that you didn't need
before. In particular, you will need REPLICATION SLAVE
(instead of FILE
) for new slaves.
safe_mysqld
as a symlink to mysqld_safe
.
myisam_max_extra_sort_file_size
and
myisam_max_extra_sort_file_size
are now given in bytes
(they were given in megabytes before 4.0.3).
MyISAM
/ISAM
files is now
turned off by default. Your can turn this on by doing
--external-locking
. (However, this is never needed for most users.)
Old Name | New Name |
myisam_bulk_insert_tree_size | bulk_insert_buffer_size
|
query_cache_startup_type | query_cache_type
|
record_buffer | read_buffer_size
|
record_rnd_buffer | read_rnd_buffer_size
|
sort_buffer | sort_buffer_size
|
warnings | log-warnings
|
--err-log | --log-error (for mysqld_safe )
|
record_buffer
, sort_buffer
and
warnings
will still work in MySQL 4.0 but are deprecated.
Old Name | New Name |
SQL_BIG_TABLES | BIG_TABLES
|
SQL_LOW_PRIORITY_UPDATES | LOW_PRIORITY_UPDATES
|
SQL_MAX_JOIN_SIZE | MAX_JOIN_SIZE
|
SQL_QUERY_CACHE_TYPE | QUERY_CACHE_TYPE
|
SET GLOBAL SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER=#
instead of
SET SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER=#
.
mysqld
startup options --skip-locking
and
--enable-locking
were renamed to --skip-external-locking
and --external-locking
.
SHOW MASTER STATUS
now returns an empty set if binary logging is not
enabled.
SHOW SLAVE STATUS
now returns an empty set if slave is not initialised.
mysqld
now has the option --temp-pool
enabled by default as this
gives better performance with some operating systems (most notably Linux).
DOUBLE
and FLOAT
columns now honour the
UNSIGNED
flag on storage (before, UNSIGNED
was ignored for
these columns).
ORDER BY col_name DESC
sorts NULL
values last, as of
MySQL 4.0.11. In 3.23 and in earlier 4.0 versions, this was not
always consistent.
SHOW INDEX
has two more columns (Null
and Index_type
)
than it had in 3.23.
CHECK
, SIGNED
, LOCALTIME
and LOCALTIMESTAMP
are now reserved words.
|
, &
, <<
,
>>
, and ~
)) is now unsigned. This may cause problems if you
are using them in a context where you want a signed result.
See section 6.3.5 Cast Functions.
UNSIGNED
, the result will be unsigned. In other
words, before upgrading to MySQL 4.0, you should check your application
for cases where you are subtracting a value from an unsigned entity and
want a negative answer or subtracting an unsigned value from an
integer column. You can disable this behaviour by using the
--sql-mode=NO_UNSIGNED_SUBTRACTION
option when starting
mysqld
. See section 6.3.5 Cast Functions.
MATCH ... AGAINST (... IN BOOLEAN MODE)
with your tables,
you need to rebuild them with REPAIR TABLE table_name USE_FRM
.
LOCATE()
and INSTR()
are case-sensitive if one of the
arguments is a binary string. Otherwise they are case-insensitive.
STRCMP()
now uses the current character set when doing comparisons,
which means that the default comparison behaviour now is case-insensitive.
HEX(string)
now returns the characters in string
converted to
hexadecimal. If you want to convert a number to hexadecimal, you should
ensure that you call HEX()
with a numeric argument.
INSERT INTO ... SELECT
always had IGNORE
enabled.
In 4.0.1, MySQL will stop (and possibly roll back) by default in case of
an error unless you specify IGNORE
.
mysql_drop_db()
, mysql_create_db()
, and
mysql_connect()
are no longer supported unless you compile
MySQL with CFLAGS=-DUSE_OLD_FUNCTIONS
. However, it is preferable
to change client programs to use the new 4.0 API instead.
MYSQL_FIELD
structure, length
and max_length
have
changed from unsigned int
to unsigned long
. This should not
cause any problems, except that they may generate warning messages when
used as arguments in the printf()
class of functions.
TRUNCATE TABLE
when you want to delete all rows
from a table and you don't need to obtain a count of the number of rows that
were deleted. (DELETE FROM table_name
returns a row count in 4.0,
and TRUNCATE TABLE
is faster.)
LOCK TABLES
or
transaction when trying to execute TRUNCATE TABLE
or DROP
DATABASE
.
BIGINT
columns (instead
of using strings, as you did in MySQL 3.23). Using strings will still
work, but using integers is more efficient.
SHOW OPEN TABLES
has changed.
mysql_thread_init()
and
mysql_thread_end()
. See section 9.1.14 How to Make a Threaded Client.
DBD::mysql
module, you must get
DBD-mysql
version 1.2218 or newer because older DBD modules
used the deprecated mysql_drop_db()
call.
Version 2.1022 or newer is recommended.
RAND(seed)
returns a different random number series in 4.0 than in
3.23; this was done to further differentiate RAND(seed)
and
RAND(seed+1)
.
IFNULL(A,B)
is now set to be the
more 'general' of the types of A
and B
. (The general-to-specific
order is string, REAL
or INTEGER
).
If you are running MySQL Server on Windows, please also see section 2.5.8 Upgrading MySQL under Windows. If you are using replication, please also see section 4.10.2 Replication Implementation Overview.
MySQL Version 3.23 supports tables of the new MyISAM
type and
the old ISAM
type. You don't have to convert your old tables to
use these with Version 3.23. By default, all new tables will be created with
type MyISAM
(unless you start mysqld
with the
--default-table-type=isam
option). You can convert an ISAM
table to MyISAM
format with ALTER TABLE table_name TYPE=MyISAM
or the Perl script mysql_convert_table_format
.
Version 3.22 and 3.21 clients will work without any problems with a Version 3.23 server.
The following list tells what you have to watch out for when upgrading to Version 3.23:
tis620
character set must be fixed
with myisamchk -r
or REPAIR TABLE
.
DROP DATABASE
on a symbolically-linked database, both the
link and the original database are deleted. (This didn't happen in 3.22
because configure
didn't detect the availability of the
readlink()
system call.)
OPTIMIZE TABLE
now works only for MyISAM
tables.
For other table types, you can use ALTER TABLE
to optimise the table.
During OPTIMIZE TABLE
, the table is now locked to prevent it from being
used by other threads.
mysql
is now by default started with the
option --no-named-commands (-g)
. This option can be disabled with
--enable-named-commands (-G)
. This may cause incompatibility problems in
some cases--for example, in SQL scripts that use named commands without a
semicolon. Long format commands still work from the first line.
MONTH()
) will now
return 0 for 0000-00-00
dates. (In MySQL 3.22, these functions returned
NULL
.)
german
character sort order for ISAM
tables, you must repair them with isamchk -r
, because we have made
some changes in the sort order.
IF()
now depends on both arguments
and not only the first argument.
AUTO_INCREMENT
columns should not be used to store negative
numbers. The reason for this is that negative numbers caused problems
when wrapping from -1 to 0. You should not store 0 in AUTO_INCREMENT
columns, either; CHECK TABLE
will complain about 0 values because
they may change if you dump and restore the table. AUTO_INCREMENT
for MyISAM
tables is now handled at a lower level and is much
faster than before. In addition, for MyISAM
tables, old numbers
are no longer reused, even if you delete rows from the table.
CASE
, DELAYED
, ELSE
, END
, FULLTEXT
,
INNER
, RIGHT
, THEN
, and WHEN
are now reserved words.
FLOAT(X)
is now a true floating-point type and not a value with a
fixed number of decimals.
DECIMAL(length,dec)
type, the
length
argument no longer includes a place for the sign or the
decimal point.
TIME
string must now be of one of the following formats:
[[[DAYS] [H]H:]MM:]SS[.fraction]
or
[[[[[H]H]H]H]MM]SS[.fraction]
.
LIKE
now compares strings using the same character comparison rules
as for the =
operator. If you require the old behaviour, you can
compile MySQL with the CXXFLAGS=-DLIKE_CMP_TOUPPER
flag.
REGEXP
is now case-insensitive if neither of the strings are binary
strings.
MyISAM
(`.MYI') tables, you should use
the CHECK TABLE
statement or the myisamchk
command. For
ISAM
(`.ISM') tables, use the isamchk
command.
mysqldump
files to be compatible between
MySQL Version 3.22 and Version 3.23, you should not use the
--opt
or --all
option to mysqldump
.
DATE_FORMAT()
to make sure there is a
`%' before each format character.
(MySQL Version 3.22 and later already allowed this syntax.)
mysql_fetch_fields_direct()
is now a function (it used to be a macro) and
it returns a pointer to a MYSQL_FIELD
instead of a
MYSQL_FIELD
.
mysql_num_fields()
can no longer be used on a MYSQL*
object (it's
now a function that takes a MYSQL_RES*
value as an argument). With a
MYSQL*
object, you should now use mysql_field_count()
instead.
SELECT DISTINCT ...
was
almost always sorted. In Version 3.23, you must use GROUP BY
or
ORDER BY
to obtain sorted output.
SUM()
now returns NULL
instead of 0 if
there are no matching rows. This is required by SQL-99.
AND
or OR
with NULL
values will now return
NULL
instead of 0. This mostly affects queries that use NOT
on an AND/OR
expression as NOT NULL
= NULL
.
LPAD()
and RPAD()
now shorten the result string if it's longer
than the length argument.
Nothing that affects compatibility has changed between versions 3.21 and 3.22.
The only pitfall is that new tables that are created with DATE
type
columns will use the new way to store the date. You can't access these new
columns from an old version of mysqld
.
After installing MySQL Version 3.22, you should start the new server
and then run the mysql_fix_privilege_tables
script. This will add the
new privileges that you need to use the GRANT
command. If you forget
this, you will get Access denied
when you try to use ALTER
TABLE
, CREATE INDEX
, or DROP INDEX
. The procedure for updating
the grant tables is described in section 2.5.6 Upgrading the Grant Tables.
The C API interface to mysql_real_connect()
has changed. If you have
an old client program that calls this function, you must place a 0
for
the new db
argument (or recode the client to send the db
element for faster connections). You must also call mysql_init()
before calling mysql_real_connect()
. This change was done to allow
the new mysql_options()
function to save options in the MYSQL
handler structure.
The mysqld
variable key_buffer
has been renamed to
key_buffer_size
, but you can still use the old name in your
startup files.
If you are running a version older than Version 3.20.28 and want to switch to Version 3.21, you need to do the following:
You can start the mysqld
Version 3.21 server with the
--old-protocol
option to use it with clients from a Version 3.20
distribution. In this case, the new client function mysql_errno()
will not return any server error, only CR_UNKNOWN_ERROR
(but it
works for client errors), and the server uses the old pre-3.21 password()
checking rather than the new method.
If you are not using the --old-protocol
option to
mysqld
, you will need to make the following changes:
MyODBC
2.x driver.
scripts/add_long_password
must be run to convert the
Password
field in the mysql.user
table to CHAR(16)
.
mysql.user
table (to get 62-bit
rather than 31-bit passwords).
MySQL Version 3.20.28 and above can handle the new user
table
format without affecting clients. If you have a MySQL version earlier
than Version 3.20.28, passwords will no longer work with it if you convert the
user
table. So to be safe, you should first upgrade to at least Version
3.20.28 and then upgrade to Version 3.21.
The new client code works with a 3.20.x mysqld
server, so
if you experience problems with 3.21.x, you can use the old 3.20.x server
without having to recompile the clients again.
If you are not using the --old-protocol
option to mysqld
,
old clients will be unable to connect and will issue the following error
message:
ERROR: Protocol mismatch. Server Version = 10 Client Version = 9
The new Perl DBI
/DBD
interface also supports the old
mysqlperl
interface. The only change you have to make if you use
mysqlperl
is to change the arguments to the connect()
function.
The new arguments are: host
, database
, user
,
and password
(note that the user
and password
arguments
have changed places).
See section 9.5.2 The DBI
Interface.
The following changes may affect queries in old applications:
HAVING
must now be specified before any ORDER BY
clause.
LOCATE()
have been swapped.
DATE
,
TIME
, and TIMESTAMP
.
Some releases introduce changes to the structure of the grant tables
(the tables in the mysql
database)
to add new privileges or features. To make sure that your grant tables
are current when you update to a new version of MySQL, you should update
your grant tables as well.
On Unix or Unix-like systems, update the grant tables by running the
mysql_fix_privilege_tables
script:
shell> mysql_fix_privilege_tables
You must run this script while the server is running. It attempts to
connect to the server running on the local host as root
.
If your root
account requires a password, indicate the password
on the command line. For MySQL 4.1 and up, specify the password like this:
shell> mysql_fix_privilege_tables --password=root_password
Prior to MySQL 4.1, specify the password like this:
shell> mysql_fix_privilege_tables root_password
The mysql_fix_privilege_tables
script performs any actions
necessary to convert your grant tables to the current format. You
may see some Duplicate column name
warnings as it runs; they
can be ignored.
After running the script, stop the server and restart it.
On Windows systems, there isn't an easy way to update the grant tables
until MySQL 4.0.15. From version 4.0.15 on, MySQL distributions include a
mysql_fix_privilege_tables.sql
SQL script that you can run using
the mysql
client. If your MySQL installation is located at
`C:\mysql', the command looks like this (enter it all on one line):
shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysql -f -u root -p mysql < C:\mysql\scripts\mysql_fix_privilege_tables.sql
If your installation is located in some other directory, adjust the pathnames appropriately.
The command will prompt you for the root
password; enter it
when prompted.
As with the Unix procedure, you may see some Duplicate column name
warnings as mysql
processes the statements in the
mysql_fix_privilege_tables.sql
script; they can be ignored.
After running the script, stop the server and restart it.
If you are using MySQL Version 3.23, you can copy the `.frm',
`.MYI', and `.MYD' files for MyISAM
tables between different
architectures that support the same floating-point format. (MySQL takes care
of any byte-swapping issues.)
See section 7.1 MyISAM
Tables.
The MySQL ISAM
data and index files (`.ISD' and
`*.ISM', respectively) are architecture-dependent and in some cases
OS-dependent. If you want to move your applications to another machine
that has a different architecture or OS than your current machine, you
should not try to move a database by simply copying the files to the
other machine. Use mysqldump
instead.
By default, mysqldump
will create a file containing SQL statements.
You can then transfer the file to the other machine and feed it as input
to the mysql
client.
Try mysqldump --help
to see what options are available.
If you are moving the data to a newer version of MySQL, you should use
mysqldump --opt
with the newer version to get a fast, compact dump.
The easiest (although not the fastest) way to move a database between two machines is to run the following commands on the machine on which the database is located:
shell> mysqladmin -h 'other hostname' create db_name shell> mysqldump --opt db_name \ | mysql -h 'other hostname' db_name
If you want to copy a database from a remote machine over a slow network, you can use:
shell> mysqladmin create db_name shell> mysqldump -h 'other hostname' --opt --compress db_name \ | mysql db_name
You can also store the result in a file, then transfer the file to the target machine and load the file into the database there. For example, you can dump a database to a file on the source machine like this:
shell> mysqldump --quick db_name | gzip > db_name.contents.gz
(The file created in this example is compressed.) Transfer the file containing the database contents to the target machine and run these commands there:
shell> mysqladmin create db_name shell> gunzip < db_name.contents.gz | mysql db_name
You can also use mysqldump
and mysqlimport
to transfer
the database.
For big tables, this is much faster than simply using mysqldump
.
In the following commands, DUMPDIR
represents the full pathname
of the directory you use to store the output from mysqldump
.
First, create the directory for the output files and dump the database:
shell> mkdir DUMPDIR shell> mysqldump --tab=DUMPDIR db_name
Then transfer the files in the DUMPDIR
directory to some corresponding
directory on the target machine and load the files into MySQL
there:
shell> mysqladmin create db_name # create database shell> cat DUMPDIR/*.sql | mysql db_name # create tables in database shell> mysqlimport db_name DUMPDIR/*.txt # load data into tables
Also, don't forget to copy the mysql
database because that's where the
grant tables (user
, db
, host
) are stored. You may have
to run commands as the MySQL root
user on the new machine
until you have the mysql
database in place.
After you import the mysql
database on the new machine, execute
mysqladmin flush-privileges
so that the server reloads the grant table
information.
When upgrading MySQL under Windows, please follow these steps:
NET STOP mysql
if you
are running MySQL as a service, or with mysqladmin shutdown
otherwise).
WinMySQLadmin
program if it is running.
C:\mysql4
. Overwriting the old installation is recommended.
basedir
parameter in the `my.ini' file of your Windows
directory (for example, C:\WINNT
).
NET START mysql
if you run MYSQL
as a service, or by invoking mysqld
directly otherwise).
Possible error situations:
A system error has occurred. System error 1067 has occurred. The process terminated unexpectedly.
This cryptic error means that your `my.cnf' file (by default `C:\my.cnf') contains an option that cannot be recognised by MySQL. You can verify that this is the case by trying to restart MySQL with the `my.cnf' file renamed, for example, to `my.cnf.old' to prevent the server from using it. Once you have verified it, you need to identify which option is the culprit. Create a new `my.cnf' file and move parts of the old file to it (restarting the server after you move each part) until you determine which part causes server startup to fail.
This section describes using MySQL on Windows. This information is also provided in the `README' file that comes with the MySQL Windows distribution. See section 2.1.1 Installing MySQL on Windows.
On Windows 95, 98, or Me, MySQL clients always connect to the server using TCP/IP. On NT-based systems such as Windows NT, 2000, or XP, clients have two options. They can use TCP/IP, or they can use a named pipe if the server supports named pipe connections.
For information about which server binary to run, see section 2.1.1.2 Preparing the Windows MySQL Environment.
The examples in this section assume that MySQL is installed under the default location of `C:\mysql'. Adjust the pathnames shown in the examples if you have MySQL installed in a different location.
On these versions of Windows, MySQL uses TCP/IP to connect a client to a server. (This will allow any machine on your network to connect to your MySQL server.) Because of this, you must make sure that TCP/IP support is installed on your machine before starting MySQL. You can find TCP/IP on your Windows CD-ROM.
Note that if you are using an old Windows 95 release (for example, OSR2), it's likely that you have an old Winsock package; MySQL requires Winsock 2! You can get the newest Winsock from http://www.microsoft.com/. Windows 98 has the new Winsock 2 library, so it is unnecessary to update the library.
To start the mysqld
server, you should start a console window (a
``DOS'' window) and enter this command:
shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld
This will start mysqld
in the background. That is, after the server
starts up, you should see another command prompt. (Note that if you start the
server this way on Windows NT, 2000, or XP, the server will run in the
foreground and the next command prompt will not appear until the server exits.
To run client programs while the server is running, you should open another
console window.)
You can stop the MySQL server by executing this command:
shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin -u root shutdown
This invokes the MySQL administrative utility mysqladmin
to connect
to the server as root
, which is the default administrative account
in the MySQL grant system. Please note that users in the MySQL grant
system are wholly independent from any login users under Windows.
If mysqld
doesn't start, please check the error log to see if the
server wrote any messages there to indicate the cause of the problem.
The error log is located in the `C:\mysql\data' directory. It is
the file with a suffix of `.err'. You can also try to start the
server as mysqld --console
; in this case, you may get some useful
information on the screen that may help solve the problem.
The last option is to start mysqld
with
--standalone --debug
.
In this case mysqld
will write a log file
`C:\mysqld.trace' that should contain the reason why
mysqld
doesn't start. See section E.1.2 Creating Trace Files.
Use mysqld --help
to display all the options that
mysqld
understands!
To get MySQL to work with TCP/IP on Windows NT 4, you must install service pack 3 (or newer)!
Normally you should install MySQL as a service on Windows NT/2000/XP. In case the server was already running, first stop it using the following command:
shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin -u root shutdown
This invokes the MySQL administrative utility mysqladmin
to connect
to the server as root
, which is the default administrative account
in the MySQL grant system. Please note that users in the MySQL grant
system are wholly independent from any login users under Windows.
Now install the server as a service:
shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --install
The service is installed with the name MySql
. Once
installed, it can be immediately started from the Services
utility, or by using the command NET START MySql
.
Once running, mysqld
can be stopped by using the Services utility,
the command NET STOP MySql
, or the command mysqladmin
shutdown
.
If any startup options are required, you can place them in the
[mysqld]
group of any of the standard option files. As of MySQL
4.0.3, you can place options in the [mysqld]
group of any option
file and use a --defaults-file
option to tell the server the name
of the file when you install the service. For example:
shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --install MySql --defaults-file=C:\my-opts.cnf
You can also specify options as ``Start parameters
'' in the
Windows Services
utility before you start the MySQL service.
The Services
utility
(Windows Service Control Manager
) can be found in the
Windows Control Panel
(under Administrative Tools
on Windows 2000). It is advisable to close the Services utility
while performing the --install
or --remove
operations, this prevents some odd errors.
Please note that from MySQL version 3.23.44, you have the choice
of setting up the service as Manual
instead (if you don't wish
the service to be started automatically during the boot process):
shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --install-manual
When MySQL is running as a service, the operating system will automatically stop
the server on computer shutdown. In MySQL versions older than 3.23.47,
Windows waited only for a few seconds for the shutdown to complete, and
killed the database server process if the time limit was exceeded. This had
the potential to cause problems. (For example, at the next startup the
InnoDB
storage engine had to do crash recovery.) Starting from
MySQL version 3.23.48, Windows waits longer for the MySQL server
shutdown to complete. If you notice this still is not enough for your
installation, it is safest not to run the MySQL server as a service. Instead,
run it from the command-line prompt, and shut it down with
mysqladmin shutdown
.
There is a problem that Windows NT (but not Windows 2000/XP) by default only
waits 20 seconds for a service to shut down, and after that kills the
service process. You can increase this default by opening the Registry
Editor `\winnt\system32\regedt32.exe' and editing the value of
WaitToKillServiceTimeout
at
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control
in the Registry tree. Specify the new larger value in milliseconds
(for example, 120000 to have Windows NT wait up to 120 seconds).
Please note that when run as a service, mysqld
has no access to a console and so no messages can be seen.
Errors can be checked in the error log, which is located in the
`C:\mysql\data' directory. It is the file with a suffix of `.err'.
If you have problems installing mysqld
as a
service using just the server name, try installing it using its full pathname:
shell> C:\mysql\bin\mysqld --install
If that doesn't work, you can get mysqld
to
start properly by fixing the path in the registry!
If you don't want to start mysqld
as a service,
you can start it from the command line the same way as for Windows 95, 98, or
Me. For instructions, see section 2.6.1.1 Starting MySQL on Windows 95, 98, or Me.
MySQL supports TCP/IP on all Windows platforms. The mysqld-nt
and mysql-max-nt
servers support named pipes on NT, 2000, and XP.
The default is to use TCP/IP regardless of the platform, because named
pipes are actually slower than TCP/IP, and because some users have
experienced problems shutting down the MySQL server when named pipes
are used. Starting from 3.23.50, named pipes are only enabled for
mysqld-nt
and mysql-max-nt
if they are started with the
--enable-named-pipe
option.
You can force a MySQL client to use named pipes by specifying the
--pipe
option or by specifying .
as the host name. Use the
--socket
option to specify the name of the pipe.
In MySQL 4.1, you should use the --protocol=PIPE
option.
You can test whether the MySQL server is working by executing any of the following commands:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqlshow -u root mysql C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin version status proc C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysql test
If mysqld
is slow to answer to connections on Windows 9x/Me, there is
probably a problem with your DNS. In this case, start mysqld
with the
--skip-name-resolve
option and use only localhost
and IP
numbers in the Host
column of the MySQL grant tables.
There are two versions of the MySQL command-line tool:
Binary | Description |
mysql | Compiled on native Windows, offering limited text editing capabilities. |
mysqlc | Compiled with the Cygnus GNU compiler and libraries, which offers readline editing.
|
If you want to use mysqlc
, you must have a copy of the
`cygwinb19.dll' library installed somewhere that mysqlc
can find
it. If your distribution of MySQL doesn't have this library installed in the
same directory as mysqlc
(the `bin' directory under the base
directory of your MySQL installation, look in the lib
directory
to find it and copy it to your Windows system directory
(`\windows\system' or similar place).
The default privileges on Windows give all local users full privileges
to all databases without specifying a password. To make MySQL
more secure, you should set a password for all users and remove the row in
the mysql.user
table that has Host='localhost'
and
User=''
.
You should also add a password for the root
user. The following
example starts by removing the anonymous user that has all privileges,
then sets a root
user password:
C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysql mysql mysql> DELETE FROM user WHERE Host='localhost' AND User=''; mysql> QUIT C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin reload C:\> C:\mysql\bin\mysqladmin -u root password your_password
After you've set the password, if you want to shut down the mysqld
server, you can do so using this command:
C:\> mysqladmin --user=root --password=your_password shutdown
If you are using the old shareware version of MySQL Version
3.21 under Windows, the above command will fail with an error:
parse error near 'SET password'
. The solution to this problem is to
upgrade to a newer version of MySQL.
With the current MySQL versions you can easily add new users
and change privileges with GRANT
and REVOKE
commands.
See section 4.3.1 GRANT
and REVOKE
Syntax.
Here is a note about how to connect to get a secure connection to remote MySQL server with SSH (by David Carlson dcarlson@mplcomm.com):
SecureCRT
from http://www.vandyke.com/.
Another option is f-secure
from http://www.f-secure.com/. You
can also find some free ones on Google
at
http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/Security/Products_and_Tools/Cryptography/SSH/Clients/Windows/.
Host_Name = yourmysqlserver_URL_or_IP
.
Set userid=your_userid
to log in to your server (probably not the same
as your MySQL login/password.
local_port: 3306
, remote_host: yourmysqlservername_or_ip
, remote_port: 3306
)
or a local forward (Set port: 3306
, host: localhost
, remote port: 3306
).
localhost
for the MySQL host server--not yourmysqlservername
.
You should now have an ODBC connection to MySQL, encrypted using SSH.
Beginning with MySQL Version 3.23.16, the mysqld-max
and mysql-max-nt
servers in the MySQL distribution are
compiled with the -DUSE_SYMDIR
option. This allows you to put a
database on a different disk by setting up a symbolic link to it
(in a manner similar to the way that symbolic links work on Unix).
On Windows, you make a symbolic link to a database by creating a file
that contains the path to the destination directory and saving this in
the data directory using the filename `db_name.sym', where
db_name
is the database name. Note that the symbolic link
will not be used if a directory with the database name exists.
For example, if the MySQL data directory is `C:\mysql\data'
and you want to have database foo
located at `D:\data\foo', you
should create the file `C:\mysql\data\foo.sym' that contains the
text D:\data\foo\
. After that, all tables created in the database
foo
will be created in `D:\data\foo'.
Note that because of the speed penalty you get when opening every table, we have not enabled this by default even if you have compiled MySQL with support for this. To enable symlinks you should put in your `my.cnf' or `my.ini' file the following entry:
[mysqld] symbolic-links
In MySQL 4.0, symbolic links are enabled by default. If you don't need them,
you can disable them with the skip-symbolic-links
option.
In your source files, you should include `my_global.h' before `mysql.h':
#include <my_global.h> #include <mysql.h>
`my_global.h' includes any other files needed for Windows compatibility (such as `windows.h') if you compile your program on Windows.
You can either link your code with the dynamic `libmysql.lib' library, which is just a wrapper to load in `libmysql.dll' on demand, or link with the static `mysqlclient.lib' library.
Note that because the MySQL client libraries are compiled as threaded libraries, you should also compile your code to be multi-threaded!
MySQL for Windows has by now proven itself to be very stable. The Windows version of MySQL has the same features as the corresponding Unix version, with the following exceptions:
mysqld
for an extended time on Windows 95 if your server handles
many connections! Other versions of Windows don't suffer from this bug.
pread()
and pwrite()
calls to be
able to mix INSERT
and SELECT
. Currently we use mutexes
to emulate pread()
/pwrite()
. We will, in the long run,
replace the file level interface with a virtual interface so that we can
use the readfile()
/writefile()
interface on NT/2000/XP to
get more speed.
The current implementation limits the number of open files MySQL
can use to 1024, which means that you will not be able to run as many
concurrent threads on NT/2000/XP as on Unix.
mysqladmin kill
will not work on a sleeping connection.
mysqladmin shutdown
can't abort as long as there are sleeping
connections.
DROP DATABASE
mysqladmin shutdown
.
LOAD
DATA INFILE
or SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE
, you must double the `\'
character:
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE "C:\\tmp\\skr.txt" INTO TABLE skr; mysql> SELECT * INTO OUTFILE 'C:\\tmp\\skr.txt' FROM skr;Alternatively, use Unix style filenames with `/' characters:
mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE "C:/tmp/skr.txt" INTO TABLE skr; mysql> SELECT * INTO OUTFILE 'C:/tmp/skr.txt' FROM skr;
^Z
/ CHAR(24)
, Windows will think it
has encountered end-of-file and abort the program.
This is mainly a problem when you try to apply a binary log as follows:
mysqlbinlog binary-log-name | mysql --user=rootIf you get a problem applying the log and suspect it's because of an
^Z
/ CHAR(24)
character you can use the following workaround:
mysqlbinlog binary-log-file --result-file=/tmp/bin.sql mysql --user=root --execute "source /tmp/bin.sql"The latter command also can be used to reliably read in any SQL file that may contain binary data.
Can't open named pipe
error
error 2017: can't open named pipe to host: . pipe...This is because the release version of MySQL uses named pipes on NT by default. You can avoid this error by using the
--host=localhost
option to the new MySQL clients or create an option file
`C:\my.cnf' that contains the following information:
[client] host = localhostStarting from 3.23.50, named pipes are enabled only if
mysqld-nt
or
mysqld-max-nt
is started with --enable-named-pipe
.
Access denied for user
error
Access denied for user: 'some-user@unknown'
to database 'mysql'
when accessing a MySQL server on the same
machine, this means that MySQL can't resolve your host name
properly.
To fix this, you should create a file `\windows\hosts' with the
following information:
127.0.0.1 localhost
ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLE
statement, the table is locked
from usage by other threads. This has to do with the fact that on Windows,
you can't delete a file that is in use by another threads. (In the future,
we may find some way to work around this problem.)
DROP TABLE
DROP TABLE
on a table that is in use by a MERGE
table will
not work on Windows because the MERGE
handler does the table mapping
hidden from the upper layer of MySQL. Because Windows doesn't allow you
to drop files that are open, you first must flush all MERGE
tables (with FLUSH TABLES
) or drop the MERGE
table before
dropping the table. We will fix this at the same time we introduce
VIEW
s.
DATA DIRECTORY
and INDEX DIRECTORY
DATA DIRECTORY
and INDEX DIRECTORY
options for
CREATE TABLE
are ignored on Windows, because Windows doesn't support
symbolic links.
Here are some open issues for anyone who might want to help us with the Windows release:
mysqld
from the task manager.
For the moment, you must use mysqladmin shutdown
.
readline
to Windows for use in the mysql
command-line tool.
mysql
,
mysqlshow
, mysqladmin
, and mysqldump
) would be nice.
mysqladmin kill
on Windows.
Other Windows-specific issues are described in the `README' file that comes with the Windows distribution of MySQL.
The following notes regarding glibc
apply only to the situation
when you build MySQL
yourself. If you are running Linux on an x86 machine, in most cases it is
much better for you to just use our binary. We link our binaries against
the best patched version of glibc
we can come up with and with the
best compiler options, in an attempt to make it suitable for a high-load
server. So if you read the following text, and are in doubt about
what you should do, try our binary first to see if it meets your needs, and
worry about your own build only after you have discovered that our binary is
not good enough. In that case, we would appreciate a note about it, so we
can build a better binary next time. For a typical user, even for setups with
a lot of concurrent connections and/or tables exceeding the 2G limit, our
binary in most cases is the best choice.
MySQL uses LinuxThreads on Linux. If you are using an old
Linux version that doesn't have glibc2
, you must install
LinuxThreads before trying to compile MySQL. You can get
LinuxThreads at http://www.mysql.com/downloads/os-linux.html.
Note: we have seen some strange problems with Linux 2.2.14 and MySQL on SMP systems. If you have a SMP system, we recommend you upgrade to Linux 2.4 as soon as possible. Your system will be faster and more stable by doing this.
Note that glibc
versions before and including Version 2.1.1 have
a fatal bug in pthread_mutex_timedwait
handling, which is used
when you do INSERT DELAYED
. We recommend that you not use
INSERT DELAYED
before upgrading glibc.
If you plan to have 1000+ concurrent connections, you will need to make
some changes to LinuxThreads, recompile it, and relink MySQL against
the new `libpthread.a'. Increase PTHREAD_THREADS_MAX
in
`sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/bits/local_lim.h' to 4096 and decrease
STACK_SIZE
in `linuxthreads/internals.h' to 256 KB. The paths are
relative to the root of glibc
Note that MySQL will not be
stable with around 600-1000 connections if STACK_SIZE
is the default
of 2 MB.
If MySQL can't open enough files, or connections, it may be that you haven't configured Linux to handle enough files.
In Linux 2.2 and onward, you can check the number of allocated file handles by doing:
cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max cat /proc/sys/fs/dquot-max cat /proc/sys/fs/super-max
If you have more than 16 MB of memory, you should add something like the following to your init scripts (for example, `/etc/init.d/boot.local' on SuSE Linux):
echo 65536 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max echo 8192 > /proc/sys/fs/dquot-max echo 1024 > /proc/sys/fs/super-max
You can also run the preceding commands from the command-line as root, but these settings will be lost the next time your computer reboots.
Alternatively, you can set these parameters on bootup by using the
sysctl
tool, which is used by many Linux distributions (SuSE has
added it as well, beginning with SuSE Linux 8.0). Just put the following
values into a file named `/etc/sysctl.conf':
# Increase some values for MySQL fs.file-max = 65536 fs.dquot-max = 8192 fs.super-max = 1024
You should also add the following to `/etc/my.cnf':
[mysqld_safe] open-files-limit=8192
This should allow MySQL to create up to 8192 connections + files.
The STACK_SIZE
constant in LinuxThreads controls the spacing of thread
stacks in the address space. It needs to be large enough so that there will
be plenty of room for the stack of each individual thread, but small enough
to keep the stack of some threads from running into the global mysqld
data. Unfortunately, the Linux implementation of mmap()
, as we have
experimentally discovered, will successfully unmap an already mapped region
if you ask it to map out an address already in use, zeroing out the data
on the entire page, instead of returning an error. So, the safety of
mysqld
or any other threaded application depends on the "gentleman"
behaviour of the code that creates threads. The user must take measures to
make sure the number of running threads at any time is sufficiently low for
thread stacks to stay away from the global heap. With mysqld
, you
should enforce this "gentleman" behaviour by setting a reasonable value for
the max_connections
variable.
If you build MySQL yourself and do not want to mess with patching
LinuxThreads, you should set max_connections
to a value no higher
than 500. It should be even less if you have a large key buffer, large
heap tables, or some other things that make mysqld
allocate a lot
of memory, or if you are running a 2.2 kernel with a 2G patch. If you are
using our binary or RPM version 3.23.25 or later, you can safely set
max_connections
at 1500, assuming no large key buffer or heap tables
with lots of data. The more you reduce STACK_SIZE
in LinuxThreads
the more threads you can safely create. We recommend the values between
128K and 256K.
If you use a lot of concurrent connections, you may suffer from a "feature"
in the 2.2 kernel that penalises a process for forking or cloning a child
in an attempt to prevent a fork bomb attack. This will cause MySQL
not to scale well as you increase the number of concurrent clients. On
single-CPU systems, we have seen this manifested in a very slow thread
creation, which means it may take a long time to connect to MySQL
(as long as 1 minute), and it may take just as long to shut it down. On
multiple-CPU systems, we have observed a gradual drop in query speed as
the number of clients increases. In the process of trying to find a
solution, we have received a kernel patch from one of our users, who
claimed it made a lot of difference for his site. The patch is available at
http://www.mysql.com/Downloads/Patches/linux-fork.patch. We have
now done rather extensive testing of this patch on both development and
production systems. It has significantly
improved MySQL
performance without causing any problems and we now
recommend it to our users who are still running high-load servers on
2.2 kernels. This issue has been fixed in the 2.4 kernel, so if you are not
satisfied with
the current performance of your system, rather than patching your 2.2 kernel,
it might be easier to just upgrade to 2.4, which will also give you a nice
SMP boost in addition to fixing this fairness bug.
We have tested MySQL on the 2.4 kernel on a 2-CPU machine and
found MySQL scales much better--there was virtually no slowdown
on queries throughput all the way up
to 1000 clients, and the MySQL scaling factor (computed as the ratio of
maximum throughput to the throughput with one client) was 180%.
We have observed similar results on a 4-CPU system--virtually no
slowdown as the number of
clients was increased up to 1000, and 300% scaling factor. So for a high-load
SMP server we would definitely recommend the 2.4 kernel at this point. We
have discovered that it is essential to run mysqld
process with the
highest possible priority on the 2.4 kernel to achieve maximum performance.
This can be done by adding
renice -20 $$
command to mysqld_safe
. In our testing on a
4-CPU machine, increasing the priority gave 60% increase in throughput with
400 clients.
We are currently also trying to collect
more information on how well MySQL
performs on 2.4 kernel on 4-way and 8-way
systems. If you have access such a system and have done some benchmarks,
please send a mail to docs@mysql.com with the results - we will
include them in the manual.
There is another issue that greatly hurts MySQL performance,
especially on SMP systems. The implementation of mutex in
LinuxThreads in glibc-2.1
is very bad for programs with many
threads that only
hold the mutex for a short time. On an SMP system, ironic as it is, if
you link MySQL against unmodified LinuxThreads
,
removing processors from the machine improves MySQL performance
in many cases. We have made a patch available for glibc 2.1.3
to correct this behaviour
(http://www.mysql.com/Downloads/Linux/linuxthreads-2.1-patch).
With glibc-2.2.2
MySQL version 3.23.36 will use the adaptive mutex, which is much
better than even the patched one in glibc-2.1.3
. Be warned, however,
that under some conditions, the current mutex code in glibc-2.2.2
overspins, which hurts MySQL performance. The chance of this
condition can be reduced by renicing mysqld
process to the highest
priority. We have also been able to correct the overspin behaviour with
a patch, available at
http://www.mysql.com/Downloads/Linux/linuxthreads-2.2.2.patch.
It combines the correction of overspin, maximum number of
threads, and stack spacing all in one. You will need to apply it in the
linuxthreads
directory with
patch -p0 </tmp/linuxthreads-2.2.2.patch
.
We hope it will be included in
some form in to the future releases of glibc-2.2
. In any case, if
you link against glibc-2.2.2
you still need to correct
STACK_SIZE
and PTHREAD_THREADS_MAX
. We hope that the defaults
will be corrected to some more acceptable values for high-load
MySQL setup in the future, so that your own build can be reduced
to ./configure; make; make install
.
We recommend that you use the above patches to build a special static
version of libpthread.a
and use it only for statically linking
against MySQL
. We know that the patches are safe for MySQL
and significantly improve its performance, but we cannot say anything
about other applications. If you link other applications against the
patched version of the library, or build a patched shared version and
install it on your system, you are doing it at your own risk with regard
to other applications that depend on LinuxThreads
.
If you experience any strange problems during the installation of MySQL, or with some common utilities hanging, it is very likely that they are either library or compiler related. If this is the case, using our binary will resolve them.
One known problem with the binary distribution is that with older Linux
systems that use libc
(like Red Hat 4.x or Slackware), you will get
some non-fatal problems with hostname resolution.
See section 2.6.2.1 Linux Notes for Binary Distributions.
When using LinuxThreads you will see a minimum of three processes running. These are in fact threads. There will be one thread for the LinuxThreads manager, one thread to handle connections, and one thread to handle alarms and signals.
Note that the Linux kernel and the LinuxThread library can by default only have 1024 threads. This means that you can only have up to 1021 connections to MySQL on an unpatched system. The page http://www.volano.com/linuxnotes.html contains information how to go around this limit.
If you see a dead mysqld
daemon process with ps
, this usually
means that you have found a bug in MySQL or you have a corrupted
table. See section A.4.1 What To Do If MySQL Keeps Crashing.
To get a core dump on Linux if mysqld
dies with a SIGSEGV
signal,
you can start mysqld
with the --core-file
option. Note
that you also probably need to raise the core file size
by adding
ulimit -c 1000000
to mysqld_safe
or starting
mysqld_safe
with --core-file-size=1000000
.
See section 4.7.2 mysqld_safe
, The Wrapper Around mysqld
.
If you are linking your own MySQL client and get the error:
ld.so.1: ./my: fatal: libmysqlclient.so.4: open failed: No such file or directory
When executing them, the problem can be avoided by one of the following methods:
-Lpath
):
-Wl,r/path-libmysqlclient.so
.
libmysqclient.so
to `/usr/lib'.
LD_RUN_PATH
environment variable before running your client.
If you are using the Fujitsu compiler (fcc / FCC)
you will have
some problems compiling MySQL because the Linux header files are very
gcc
oriented.
The following configure
line should work with fcc/FCC
:
CC=fcc CFLAGS="-O -K fast -K lib -K omitfp -Kpreex -D_GNU_SOURCE \ -DCONST=const -DNO_STRTOLL_PROTO" CXX=FCC CXXFLAGS="-O -K fast -K lib \ -K omitfp -K preex --no_exceptions --no_rtti -D_GNU_SOURCE -DCONST=const \ -Dalloca=__builtin_alloca -DNO_STRTOLL_PROTO \ '-D_EXTERN_INLINE=static __inline'" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \ --enable-assembler --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static --disable-shared \ --with-low-memory
MySQL needs at least Linux Version 2.0.
Warning: We have reports from some MySQL users that they have got serious stability problems with MySQL with Linux kernel 2.2.14. If you are using this kernel you should upgrade to 2.2.19 (or newer) or to a 2.4 kernel. If you have a multi-cpu box, then you should seriously consider using 2.4 as this will give you a significant speed boost.
The binary release is linked with -static
, which means you do not
normally need to worry about which version of the system libraries you
have. You need not install LinuxThreads, either. A program linked with
-static
is slightly bigger than a dynamically linked program but
also slightly faster (3-5%). One problem, however, is that you can't use
user-definable functions (UDFs) with a statically linked program. If
you are going to write or use UDFs (this is something for C or C++
programmers only), you must compile MySQL yourself, using dynamic linking.
If you are using a libc
-based system (instead of a glibc2
system), you will probably get some problems with hostname resolving and
getpwnam()
with the binary release. (This is because glibc
unfortunately depends on some external libraries to resolve hostnames
and getpwent()
, even when compiled with -static
). In this
case you probably get the following error message when you run
mysql_install_db
:
Sorry, the host 'xxxx' could not be looked up
or the following error when you try to run mysqld
with the --user
option:
getpwnam: No such file or directory
You can solve this problem in one of the following ways:
tar.gz
distribution) and install this instead.
mysql_install_db --force
; this will not execute the
resolveip
test in mysql_install_db
. The downside is that
you can't use host names in the grant tables; you must use IP numbers
instead (except for localhost
). If you are using an old MySQL
release that doesn't support --force
, you have to remove the
resolveip
test in mysql_install
with an editor.
mysqld
with su
instead of using --user
.
The Linux-Intel binary and RPM releases of MySQL are configured for the highest possible speed. We are always trying to use the fastest stable compiler available.
MySQL Perl support requires Version Perl 5.004_03 or newer.
On some Linux 2.2 versions, you may get the error Resource
temporarily unavailable
when you do a lot of new connections to a
mysqld
server over TCP/IP.
The problem is that Linux has a delay between when you close a TCP/IP socket and until this is actually freed by the system. As there is only room for a finite number of TCP/IP slots, you will get the above error if you try to do too many new TCP/IP connections during a small time, like when you run the MySQL `test-connect' benchmark over TCP/IP.
We have mailed about this problem a couple of times to different Linux mailing lists but have never been able to resolve this properly.
The only known 'fix' to this problem is to use persistent connections in
your clients or use sockets, if you are running the database server
and clients on the same machine. We hope that the Linux 2.4
kernel will fix this problem in the future.
MySQL requires libc
Version 5.4.12 or newer. It's known to
work with libc
5.4.46. glibc
Version 2.0.6 and later should
also work. There have been some problems with the glibc
RPMs from
Red Hat, so if you have problems, check whether there are any updates.
The glibc
2.0.7-19 and 2.0.7-29 RPMs are known to work.
If you are using Red Hat 8.0 or a new glibc
2.2.x library, you should
start mysqld
with the option --thread-stack=192K
.
(Use -O thread_stack=192K
before MySQL 4.) If you don't do this,
mysqld
will die in gethostbyaddr()
because the new glibc
library requires a stack size greater than 128K for this call. This stack
size is now the default on MySQL 4.0.10 and above.
If you are using gcc
3.0 and above to compile MySQL, you must install
the libstdc++v3
library before compiling MySQL; if you don't do
this, you will get an error about a missing __cxa_pure_virtual
symbol during linking.
On some older Linux distributions, configure
may produce an error
like this:
Syntax error in sched.h. Change _P to __P in the /usr/include/sched.h file. See the Installation chapter in the Reference Manual.
Just do what the error message says and add an extra underscore to the
_P
macro that has only one underscore, then try again.
You may get some warnings when compiling; those shown here can be ignored:
mysqld.cc -o objs-thread/mysqld.o mysqld.cc: In function `void init_signals()': mysqld.cc:315: warning: assignment of negative value `-1' to `long unsigned int' mysqld.cc: In function `void * signal_hand(void *)': mysqld.cc:346: warning: assignment of negative value `-1' to `long unsigned int'
mysql.server
can be found in the `share/mysql' directory
under the MySQL installation directory or in the
`support-files' directory of the MySQL source tree.
If mysqld
always core dumps when it starts up, the problem may be that
you have an old `/lib/libc.a'. Try renaming it, then remove
`sql/mysqld' and do a new make install
and try again. This
problem has been reported on some Slackware installations.
If you get the following error when linking mysqld
,
it means that your `libg++.a' is not installed correctly:
/usr/lib/libc.a(putc.o): In function `_IO_putc': putc.o(.text+0x0): multiple definition of `_IO_putc'
You can avoid using `libg++.a' by running configure
like this:
shell> CXX=gcc ./configure
In some implementations, readdir_r()
is broken. The symptom is that
SHOW DATABASES
always returns an empty set. This can be fixed by
removing HAVE_READDIR_R
from `config.h' after configuring and
before compiling.
Some problems will require patching your Linux installation. The patch can
be found at
http://www.mysql.com/Downloads/patches/Linux-sparc-2.0.30.diff.
This patch is against the Linux distribution `sparclinux-2.0.30.tar.gz'
that is available at vger.rutgers.edu
(a version of Linux that was
never merged with the official 2.0.30). You must also install LinuxThreads
Version 0.6 or newer.
MySQL Version 3.23.12 is the first MySQL version that is tested on Linux-Alpha. If you plan to use MySQL on Linux-Alpha, you should ensure that you have this version or newer.
We have tested MySQL on Alpha with our benchmarks and test suite, and it appears to work nicely.
We currently build the MySQL binary packages on SuSE Linux 7.0 for AXP, kernel 2.4.4-SMP, Compaq C compiler (V6.2-505) and Compaq C++ compiler (V6.3-006) on a Compaq DS20 machine with an Alpha EV6 processor.
You can find the above compilers at http://www.support.compaq.com/alpha-tools/. By using these compilers, instead of gcc, we get about 9-14% better performance with MySQL.
Note that until MySQL version 3.23.52 and 4.0.2 we optimised the binary for
the current CPU only (by using the -fast
compile option); this meant
that you could only use our binaries if you had an Alpha EV6 processor.
Starting with all following releases we added the -arch generic
flag
to our compile options, which makes sure the binary runs on all Alpha
processors. We also compile statically to avoid library problems.
CC=ccc CFLAGS="-fast -arch generic" CXX=cxx \ CXXFLAGS="-fast -arch generic -noexceptions -nortti" \ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --disable-shared \ --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client \ --with-mysqld-ldflags=-non_shared --with-client-ldflags=-non_shared
If you want to use egcs the following configure line worked for us:
CFLAGS="-O3 -fomit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc \ CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fomit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors \ -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \ --disable-shared
Some known problems when running MySQL on Linux-Alpha:
gdb 4.18
. You should download and use gdb 5.1 instead!
mysqld
statically when using gcc
, the
resulting image will core dump at start. In other words, don't
use --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
with gcc
.
MySQL should work on MkLinux with the newest glibc
package
(tested with glibc
2.0.7).
To get MySQL to work on Qube2, (Linux Mips), you need the
newest glibc
libraries (glibc-2.0.7-29C2
is known to
work). You must also use the egcs
C++ compiler
(egcs-1.0.2-9
, gcc 2.95.2
or newer).
To get MySQL to compile on Linux IA-64, we use the following compile line:
Using gcc-2.96
:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc \ CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors \ -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \ "--with-comment=Official MySQL binary" --with-extra-charsets=complex
On IA-64, the MySQL client binaries use shared libraries. This means
that if you install our binary distribution in some other place than
`/usr/local/mysql' you need to add the path of the directory
where you have `libmysqlclient.so' installed either to the
`/etc/ld.so.conf' file or to the value of your LD_LIBRARY_PATH
environment variable.
See section A.3.1 Problems When Linking with the MySQL Client Library.
On Solaris, you may run into trouble even before you get the MySQL
distribution unpacked! Solaris tar
can't handle long file names, so
you may see an error like this when you unpack MySQL:
x mysql-3.22.12-beta/bench/Results/ATIS-mysql_odbc-NT_4.0-cmp-db2,\ informix,ms-sql,mysql,oracle,solid,sybase, 0 bytes, 0 tape blocks tar: directory checksum error
In this case, you must use GNU tar
(gtar
) to unpack the
distribution. You can find a precompiled copy for Solaris at
http://www.mysql.com/downloads/os-solaris.html.
Sun native threads only work on Solaris 2.5 and higher. For Version 2.4 and earlier, MySQL will automatically use MIT-pthreads. See section 2.3.6 MIT-pthreads Notes.
If you get the following error from configure:
checking for restartable system calls... configure: error can not run test programs while cross compiling
This means that you have something wrong with your compiler installation! In this case you should upgrade your compiler to a newer version. You may also be able to solve this problem by inserting the following row into the `config.cache' file:
ac_cv_sys_restartable_syscalls=${ac_cv_sys_restartable_syscalls='no'}
If you are using Solaris on a SPARC, the recommended compiler is
gcc
2.95.2 or 3.2. You can find this at http://gcc.gnu.org/.
Note that egcs
1.1.1 and gcc
2.8.1 don't work reliably on
SPARC!
The recommended configure
line when using gcc
2.95.2 is:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3" \ CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O3 -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" \ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-low-memory --enable-assembler
If you have an UltraSPARC, you can get 4% more performance by adding "-mcpu=v8 -Wa,-xarch=v8plusa" to CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS.
If you have Sun's Forte 5.0 (or newer) compiler, you can
run configure
like this:
CC=cc CFLAGS="-Xa -fast -native -xstrconst -mt" \ CXX=CC CXXFLAGS="-noex -mt" \ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler
You can create a 64 bit binary using Sun's Forte compiler with the following compile flags:
CC=cc CFLAGS="-Xa -fast -native -xstrconst -mt -xarch=v9" \ CXX=CC CXXFLAGS="-noex -mt -xarch=v9" ASFLAGS="-xarch=v9" \ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler
To create a 64bit Solaris binary using gcc
, add -m64
to
CFLAGS
and CXXFLAGS
. Note that this only works with MySQL
4.0 and up - MySQL 3.23 does not include the required modifications to
support this.
In the MySQL benchmarks, we got a 4% speedup on an UltraSPARC when using Forte 5.0 in 32 bit mode compared to using gcc 3.2 with -mcpu flags.
If you create a 64 bit binary, it's 4 % slower than the 32 bit binary, but
mysqld
can instead handle more treads and memory.
If you get a problem with fdatasync
or sched_yield
,
you can fix this by adding LIBS=-lrt
to the configure line
The following paragraph is only relevant for older compilers than WorkShop 5.3:
You may also have to edit the configure
script to change this line:
#if !defined(__STDC__) || __STDC__ != 1
to this:
#if !defined(__STDC__)
If you turn on __STDC__
with the -Xc
option, the Sun compiler
can't compile with the Solaris `pthread.h' header file. This is a Sun
bug (broken compiler or broken include file).
If mysqld
issues the error message shown here when you run it, you have
tried to compile MySQL with the Sun compiler without enabling the
multi-thread option (-mt
):
libc internal error: _rmutex_unlock: rmutex not held
Add -mt
to CFLAGS
and CXXFLAGS
and try again.
If you are using the SFW version of gcc (which comes with Solaris 8),
you must add `/opt/sfw/lib' to the environment variable
LD_LIBRARY_PATH
before running configure.
If you are using the gcc available from sunfreeware.com
, you may
have many problems. You should recompile gcc and GNU binutils on the
machine you will be running them from to avoid any problems.
If you get the following error when compiling MySQL with gcc
,
it means that your gcc
is not configured for your version of Solaris:
shell> gcc -O3 -g -O2 -DDBUG_OFF -o thr_alarm ... ./thr_alarm.c: In function `signal_hand': ./thr_alarm.c:556: too many arguments to function `sigwait'
The proper thing to do in this case is to get the newest version of
gcc
and compile it with your current gcc
compiler! At
least for Solaris 2.5, almost all binary versions of gcc
have
old, unusable include files that will break all programs that use
threads (and possibly other programs)!
Solaris doesn't provide static versions of all system libraries
(libpthreads
and libdl
), so you can't compile MySQL
with --static
. If you try to do so, you will get the error:
ld: fatal: library -ldl: not found or undefined reference to `dlopen' or cannot find -lrt
If too many processes try to connect very rapidly to mysqld
, you will
see this error in the MySQL log:
Error in accept: Protocol error
You might try starting the server with the --set-variable back_log=50
option as a workaround for this. Please note that --set-variable
is
deprecated since MySQL 4.0, just use --back_log=50
on its own.
See section 4.1.1 mysqld
Command-line Options.
If you are linking your own MySQL client, you might get the following error when you try to execute it:
ld.so.1: ./my: fatal: libmysqlclient.so.#: open failed: No such file or directory
The problem can be avoided by one of the following methods:
-Lpath
):
-Wl,r/full-path-to-libmysqlclient.so
.
LD_RUN_PATH
environment variable before running your client.
If you have problems with configure trying to link with -lz
and
you don't have zlib
installed, you have two options:
--with-named-z-libs=no
.
If you are using gcc and have problems with loading user defined functions
(UDF
s) into MySQL, try adding -lgcc
to the link line for the
UDF
.
If you would like MySQL to start automatically, you can copy `support-files/mysql.server' to `/etc/init.d' and create a symbolic link to it named `/etc/rc3.d/S99mysql.server'.
As Solaris doesn't support core files for setuid()
applications,
you can't get a core file from mysqld
if you are using the
--user
option.
You can normally use a Solaris 2.6 binary on Solaris 2.7 and 2.8. Most of the Solaris 2.6 issues also apply for Solaris 2.7 and 2.8.
Note that MySQL Version 3.23.4 and above should be able to autodetect new versions of Solaris and enable workarounds for the following problems!
Solaris 2.7 / 2.8 has some bugs in the include files. You may see the
following error when you use gcc
:
/usr/include/widec.h:42: warning: `getwc' redefined /usr/include/wchar.h:326: warning: this is the location of the previous definition
If this occurs, you can do the following to fix the problem:
Copy /usr/include/widec.h
to
.../lib/gcc-lib/os/gcc-version/include
and change line 41 from:
#if !defined(lint) && !defined(__lint) to #if !defined(lint) && !defined(__lint) && !defined(getwc)
Alternatively, you can edit `/usr/include/widec.h' directly. Either
way, after you make the fix, you should remove `config.cache' and run
configure
again!
If you get errors like this when you run make
, it's because
configure
didn't detect the `curses.h' file (probably
because of the error in `/usr/include/widec.h'):
In file included from mysql.cc:50: /usr/include/term.h:1060: syntax error before `,' /usr/include/term.h:1081: syntax error before `;'
The solution to this is to do one of the following:
CFLAGS=-DHAVE_CURSES_H CXXFLAGS=-DHAVE_CURSES_H ./configure
.
#define HAVE_TERM
line from `config.h' file and
run make
again.
If you get a problem that your linker can't find -lz
when linking
your client program, the problem is probably that your `libz.so' file is
installed in `/usr/local/lib'. You can fix this by one of the
following methods:
LD_LIBRARY_PATH
.
--with-named-z-libs=no
option.
On Solaris 8 on x86, mysqld
will dump core if you remove the
debug symbols using strip
.
If you are using gcc
or egcs
on Solaris x86 and you
experience problems with core dumps under load, you should use the
following configure
command:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fomit-frame-pointer -DHAVE_CURSES_H" \ CXX=gcc \ CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fomit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions \ -fno-rtti -DHAVE_CURSES_H" \ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
This will avoid problems with the libstdc++
library and with C++
exceptions.
If this doesn't help, you should compile a debug version and run
it with a trace file or under gdb
. See section E.1.3 Debugging mysqld under gdb.
This section provides information for the various BSD flavours, as well as specific versions within those.
FreeBSD 4.x or newer is recommended for running MySQL since the thread package is much more integrated.
The easiest and therefore the preferred way to install is to use the mysql-server and mysql-client ports available on http://www.freebsd.org/.
Using these gives you:
It is recommended you use MIT-pthreads on FreeBSD 2.x and native threads on
Versions 3 and up. It is possible to run with native threads on some late
2.2.x versions but you may encounter problems shutting down mysqld
.
Unfortunately, certain function calls on FreeBSD are not yet fully
thread-safe, most notably the gethostbyname()
function, which is
used by MySQL to convert host names into IP addresses. Under certain
circumstances, the mysqld
process will suddenly cause 100%
CPU load and will be unresponsive. If you encounter this, try to start
up MySQL using the --skip-name-resolve
option.
Alternatively, you can link MySQL on FreeBSD 4.x against the LinuxThreads library, which avoids a few of the problems that the native FreeBSD thread implementation has. For a very good comparison of LinuxThreads vs. native threads have a look at Jeremy Zawodny's article "FreeBSD or Linux for your MySQL Server?" at http://jeremy.zawodny.com/blog/archives/000697.html
The known problems when using LinuxThreads on FreeBSD are:
wait_timeout
is not working (probably signal handling problem in
FreeBSD/LinuxThreads). This is supposed to get fixed in FreeBSD 5.0.
The symptom is that persistent connections can hang for a long
time without getting closed done.
The MySQL `Makefile's require GNU make (gmake
) to work. If
you want to compile MySQL you need to install GNU make
first.
Be sure to have your name resolver setup correct. Otherwise, you may
experience resolver delays or failures when connecting to mysqld
.
Make sure that the localhost
entry in the `/etc/hosts' file is
correct (otherwise, you will have problems connecting to the database). The
`/etc/hosts' file should start with a line:
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.your.domain
The recommended way to compile and install MySQL on FreeBSD with gcc (2.95.2 and up) is:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O2 -fno-strength-reduce" \ CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-O2 -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions -felide-constructors \ -fno-strength-reduce" \ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-assembler gmake gmake install ./scripts/mysql_install_db cd /usr/local/mysql ./bin/mysqld_safe &
If you notice that configure
will use MIT-pthreads, you should read
the MIT-pthreads notes. See section 2.3.6 MIT-pthreads Notes.
If you get an error from make install
that it can't find
`/usr/include/pthreads', configure
didn't detect that you need
MIT-pthreads. This is fixed by executing these commands:
shell> rm config.cache shell> ./configure --with-mit-threads
FreeBSD is also known to have a very low default file handle limit.
See section A.2.17 File Not Found. Uncomment the ulimit -n
section in
mysqld_safe
or raise the limits for the mysqld
user in /etc/login.conf
(and rebuild it with cap_mkdb /etc/login.conf). Also be sure you set the
appropriate class for this user in the password file if you are not
using the default (use: chpass mysqld-user-name). See section 4.7.2 mysqld_safe
, The Wrapper Around mysqld
.
If you have a lot of memory you should consider rebuilding
the kernel to allow MySQL to take more than 512M of RAM.
Take a look at option MAXDSIZ
in the LINT config
file for more info.
If you get problems with the current date in MySQL, setting the
TZ
variable will probably help. See section F Environment Variables.
To get a secure and stable system you should only use FreeBSD kernels
that are marked -RELEASE
.
To compile on NetBSD you need GNU make
. Otherwise, the compile will
crash when make
tries to run lint
on C++ files.
On OpenBSD Version 2.5, you can compile MySQL with native threads with the following options:
CFLAGS=-pthread CXXFLAGS=-pthread ./configure --with-mit-threads=no
Our users have reported that OpenBSD 2.8 has a threading bug which causes problems with MySQL. The OpenBSD Developers have fixed the problem, but as of January 25th, 2001, it's only available in the ``-current'' branch. The symptoms of this threading bug are: slow response, high load, high CPU usage, and crashes.
If you get an error like Error in accept:: Bad file descriptor
or
error 9 when trying to open tables or directories, the problem is probably
that you haven't allocated enough file descriptors for MySQL.
In this case, try starting mysqld_safe
as root
with the following
options:
shell> mysqld_safe --user=mysql --open-files-limit=2048 &
If you get the following error when compiling MySQL, your
ulimit
value for virtual memory is too low:
item_func.h: In method `Item_func_ge::Item_func_ge(const Item_func_ge &)': item_func.h:28: virtual memory exhausted make[2]: *** [item_func.o] Error 1
Try using ulimit -v 80000
and run make
again. If this
doesn't work and you are using bash
, try switching to csh
or sh
; some BSDI users have reported problems with bash
and ulimit
.
If you are using gcc
, you may also use have to use the
--with-low-memory
flag for configure
to be able to compile
`sql_yacc.cc'.
If you get problems with the current date in MySQL, setting the
TZ
variable will probably help. See section F Environment Variables.
Upgrade to BSD/OS Version 3.1. If that is not possible, install BSDIpatch M300-038.
Use the following command when configuring MySQL:
shell> env CXX=shlicc++ CC=shlicc2 \ ./configure \ --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \ --localstatedir=/var/mysql \ --without-perl \ --with-unix-socket-path=/var/mysql/mysql.sock
The following is also known to work:
shell> env CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 \ ./configure \ --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \ --with-unix-socket-path=/var/mysql/mysql.sock
You can change the directory locations if you wish, or just use the defaults by not specifying any locations.
If you have problems with performance under heavy load, try using the
--skip-thread-priority
option to mysqld
! This will run
all threads with the same priority; on BSDI Version 3.1, this gives better
performance (at least until BSDI fixes their thread scheduler).
If you get the error virtual memory exhausted
while compiling,
you should try using ulimit -v 80000
and run make
again.
If this doesn't work and you are using bash
, try switching to
csh
or sh
; some BSDI users have reported problems with
bash
and ulimit
.
BSDI Version 4.x has some thread-related bugs. If you want to use MySQL on this, you should install all thread-related patches. At least M400-023 should be installed.
On some BSDI Version 4.x systems, you may get problems with shared libraries.
The symptom is that you can't execute any client programs, for example,
mysqladmin
. In this case you need to reconfigure not to use
shared libraries with the --disable-shared
option to configure.
Some customers have had problems on BSDI 4.0.1 that the mysqld
binary after a while can't open tables. This is because some
library/system related bug causes mysqld
to change current
directory without asking for this!
The fix is to either upgrade to 3.23.34 or after running configure
remove the line #define HAVE_REALPATH
from config.h
before running make.
Note that the above means that you can't symbolic link a database directories to another database directory or symbolic link a table to another database on BSDI! (Making a symbolic link to another disk is okay).
MySQL should work without any problems on Mac OS X 10.x (Darwin). You don't need the pthread patches for this OS!
This also applies to Mac OS X 10.x Server. Compiling for the Server platform is the same as for the client version of Mac OS X. However please note that MySQL comes preinstalled on the Server!
Our binary for Mac OS X is compiled on Darwin 6.3 with the following configure line:
CC=gcc CFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer" CXX=gcc \ CXXFLAGS="-O3 -fno-omit-frame-pointer -felide-constructors \ -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \ --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client \ --enable-local-infile --disable-shared
See section 2.1.3 Installing MySQL on Mac OS X.
Before trying to configure MySQL on Mac OS X Server 1.2 (aka Rhapsody) you must first install the pthread package from http://www.prnet.de/RegEx/mysql.html.
See section 2.1.3 Installing MySQL on Mac OS X.
Some of the binary distributions of MySQL for HP-UX are distributed as an HP depot file and as a tar file. To use the depot file you must be running at least HP-UX 10.x to have access to HP's software depot tools.
The HP version of MySQL was compiled on an HP 9000/8xx server under HP-UX 10.20, and uses MIT-pthreads. It is known to work well under this configuration. MySQL Version 3.22.26 and newer can also be built with HP's native thread package.
Other configurations that may work:
The following configurations almost definitely won't work:
To install the distribution, use one of the commands here, where
/path/to/depot
is the full pathname of the depot file:
shell> /usr/sbin/swinstall -s /path/to/depot mysql.full
shell> /usr/sbin/swinstall -s /path/to/depot mysql.server
shell> /usr/sbin/swinstall -s /path/to/depot mysql.client
shell> /usr/sbin/swinstall -s /path/to/depot mysql.developer
The depot places binaries and libraries in `/opt/mysql' and data in
`/var/opt/mysql'. The depot also creates the appropriate entries in
`/etc/init.d' and `/etc/rc2.d' to start the server automatically
at boot time. Obviously, this entails being root
to install.
To install the HP-UX tar.gz distribution, you must have a copy of GNU
tar
.
There are a couple of small problems when compiling MySQL on
HP-UX. We recommend that you use gcc
instead of the HP-UX native
compiler, because gcc
produces better code!
We recommend using gcc
2.95 on HP-UX. Don't use high optimisation
flags (like -O6) as this may not be safe on HP-UX.
The following configure
line should work with gcc
2.95:
CFLAGS="-I/opt/dce/include -fpic" \ CXXFLAGS="-I/opt/dce/include -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions \ -fno-rtti" CXX=gcc ./configure --with-pthread \ --with-named-thread-libs='-ldce' --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --disable-shared
The following configure
line should work with gcc
3.1:
CFLAGS="-DHPUX -I/opt/dce/include -O3 -fPIC" CXX=gcc \ CXXFLAGS="-DHPUX -I/opt/dce/include -felide-constructors -fno-exceptions \ -fno-rtti -O3 -fPIC" ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \ --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client \ --enable-local-infile --with-pthread \ --with-named-thread-libs=-ldce --with-lib-ccflags=-fPIC --disable-shared
For HP-UX Version 11.x, we recommend MySQL Version 3.23.15 or later.
Because of some critical bugs in the standard HP-UX libraries, you should install the following patches before trying to run MySQL on HP-UX 11.0:
PHKL_22840 Streams cumulative PHNE_22397 ARPA cumulative
This will solve the problem of getting EWOULDBLOCK
from recv()
and EBADF
from accept()
in threaded applications.
If you are using gcc
2.95.1 on an unpatched HP-UX 11.x system,
you will get the error:
In file included from /usr/include/unistd.h:11, from ../include/global.h:125, from mysql_priv.h:15, from item.cc:19: /usr/include/sys/unistd.h:184: declaration of C function ... /usr/include/sys/pthread.h:440: previous declaration ... In file included from item.h:306, from mysql_priv.h:158, from item.cc:19:
The problem is that HP-UX doesn't define pthreads_atfork()
consistently.
It has conflicting prototypes in
`/usr/include/sys/unistd.h':184 and
`/usr/include/sys/pthread.h':440 (details below).
One solution is to copy `/usr/include/sys/unistd.h' into `mysql/include' and edit `unistd.h' and change it to match the definition in `pthread.h'. Here's the diff:
183,184c183,184 < extern int pthread_atfork(void (*prepare)(), void (*parent)(), < void (*child)()); --- > extern int pthread_atfork(void (*prepare)(void), void (*parent)(void), > void (*child)(void));
After this, the following configure line should work:
CFLAGS="-fomit-frame-pointer -O3 -fpic" CXX=gcc \ CXXFLAGS="-felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -O3" \ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --disable-shared
If you are using MySQL 4.0.5 with the HP-UX compiler you can use: (tested with cc B.11.11.04):
CC=cc CXX=aCC CFLAGS=+DD64 CXXFLAGS=+DD64 ./configure --with-extra-character-set=complex
You can ignore any errors of the following type:
aCC: warning 901: unknown option: `-3': use +help for online documentation
If you get the following error from configure
checking for cc option to accept ANSI C... no configure: error: MySQL requires a ANSI C compiler (and a C++ compiler). Try gcc. See the Installation chapter in the Reference Manual.
Check that you don't have the path to the K&R compiler before the path to the HP-UX C and C++ compiler.
Another reason for not beeing able to compile is that you didn't define
the +DD64
flags above.
Another possibility for HP-UX 11 is to use MySQL binaries for HP-UX 10.20. We have received reports from some users that these binaries work fine on HP-UX 11.00. If you encounter problems, be sure to check your HP-UX patch level.
Automatic detection of xlC
is missing from Autoconf, so a
configure
command something like this is needed when compiling
MySQL (This example uses the IBM compiler):
export CC="xlc_r -ma -O3 -qstrict -qoptimize=3 -qmaxmem=8192 " export CXX="xlC_r -ma -O3 -qstrict -qoptimize=3 -qmaxmem=8192" export CFLAGS="-I /usr/local/include" export LDFLAGS="-L /usr/local/lib" export CPPFLAGS=$CFLAGS export CXXFLAGS=$CFLAGS ./configure --prefix=/usr/local \ --localstatedir=/var/mysql \ --sysconfdir=/etc/mysql \ --sbindir='/usr/local/bin' \ --libexecdir='/usr/local/bin' \ --enable-thread-safe-client \ --enable-large-files
Above are the options used to compile the MySQL distribution that can be found at http://www-frec.bull.com/.
If you change the -O3
to -O2
in the above configure line,
you must also remove the -qstrict
option (this is a limitation in
the IBM C compiler).
If you are using gcc
or egcs
to compile MySQL, you
must use the -fno-exceptions
flag, as the exception
handling in gcc
/egcs
is not thread-safe! (This is tested with
egcs
1.1.) There are also some known problems with IBM's assembler,
which may cause it to generate bad code when used with gcc.
We recommend the following configure
line with egcs
and
gcc 2.95
on AIX:
CC="gcc -pipe -mcpu=power -Wa,-many" \ CXX="gcc -pipe -mcpu=power -Wa,-many" \ CXXFLAGS="-felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti" \ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-low-memory
The -Wa,-many
is necessary for the compile to be successful. IBM is
aware of this problem but is in to hurry to fix it because of the workaround
available. We don't know if the -fno-exceptions
is required with
gcc 2.95
, but as MySQL doesn't use exceptions and the above
option generates faster code, we recommend that you should always use this
option with egcs / gcc
.
If you get a problem with assembler code try changing the -mcpu=xxx to match your CPU. Typically power2, power, or powerpc may need to be used, alternatively you might need to use 604 or 604e. I'm not positive but I would think using "power" would likely be safe most of the time, even on a power2 machine.
If you don't know what your CPU is then do a "uname -m", this will give you back a string that looks like "000514676700", with a format of xxyyyyyymmss where xx and ss are always 0's, yyyyyy is a unique system id and mm is the id of the CPU Planar. A chart of these values can be found at http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/doc_link/en_US/a_doc_lib/cmds/aixcmds5/uname.htm. This will give you a machine type and a machine model you can use to determine what type of CPU you have.
If you have problems with signals (MySQL dies unexpectedly under high load) you may have found an OS bug with threads and signals. In this case you can tell MySQL not to use signals by configuring with:
shell> CFLAGS=-DDONT_USE_THR_ALARM CXX=gcc \ CXXFLAGS="-felide-constructors -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti \ -DDONT_USE_THR_ALARM" \ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-debug --with-low-memory
This doesn't affect the performance of MySQL, but has the side
effect that you can't kill clients that are ``sleeping'' on a connection with
mysqladmin kill
or mysqladmin shutdown
. Instead, the client
will die when it issues its next command.
On some versions of AIX, linking with libbind.a
makes
getservbyname
core dump. This is an AIX bug and should be reported
to IBM.
For AIX 4.2.1 and gcc you have to do the following changes.
After configuring, edit `config.h' and `include/my_config.h' and change the line that says
#define HAVE_SNPRINTF 1
to
#undef HAVE_SNPRINTF
And finally, in `mysqld.cc' you need to add a prototype for initgoups.
#ifdef _AIX41 extern "C" int initgroups(const char *,int); #endif
If you need to allocate a lot of memory to the mysqld process, it's not
enough to just set 'ulimit -d unlimited'. You may also have to set
in mysqld_safe
something like:
export LDR_CNTRL='MAXDATA=0x80000000'
You can find more about using a lot of memory at: http://publib16.boulder.ibm.com/pseries/en_US/aixprggd/genprogc/lrg_prg_support.htm.
On SunOS 4, MIT-pthreads is needed to compile MySQL, which in turn
means you will need GNU make
.
Some SunOS 4 systems have problems with dynamic libraries and libtool
.
You can use the following configure
line to avoid this problem:
shell> ./configure --disable-shared --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static
When compiling readline
, you may get warnings about duplicate defines.
These may be ignored.
When compiling mysqld
, there will be some implicit declaration
of function
warnings. These may be ignored.
If you are using egcs 1.1.2 on Digital Unix, you should upgrade to gcc 2.95.2, as egcs on DEC has some serious bugs!
When compiling threaded programs under Digital Unix, the documentation
recommends using the -pthread
option for cc
and cxx
and
the libraries -lmach -lexc
(in addition to -lpthread
). You
should run configure
something like this:
CC="cc -pthread" CXX="cxx -pthread -O" \ ./configure --with-named-thread-libs="-lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc"
When compiling mysqld
, you may see a couple of warnings like this:
mysqld.cc: In function void handle_connections()': mysqld.cc:626: passing long unsigned int *' as argument 3 of accept(int,sockadddr *, int *)'
You can safely ignore these warnings. They occur because configure
can detect only errors, not warnings.
If you start the server directly from the command-line, you may have problems
with it dying when you log out. (When you log out, your outstanding processes
receive a SIGHUP
signal.) If so, try starting the server like this:
shell> nohup mysqld [options] &
nohup
causes the command following it to ignore any SIGHUP
signal sent from the terminal. Alternatively, start the server by running
mysqld_safe
, which invokes mysqld
using nohup
for you.
See section 4.7.2 mysqld_safe
, The Wrapper Around mysqld
.
If you get a problem when compiling mysys/get_opt.c, just remove the line #define _NO_PROTO from the start of that file!
If you are using Compaq's CC compiler, the following configure line should work:
CC="cc -pthread" CFLAGS="-O4 -ansi_alias -ansi_args -fast -inline speed all -arch host" CXX="cxx -pthread" CXXFLAGS="-O4 -ansi_alias -ansi_args -fast -inline speed all -arch host \ -noexceptions -nortti" export CC CFLAGS CXX CXXFLAGS ./configure \ --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \ --with-low-memory \ --enable-large-files \ --enable-shared=yes \ --with-named-thread-libs="-lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc" gnumake
If you get a problem with libtool, when compiling with shared libraries
as above, when linking mysql
, you should be able to get around
this by issuing:
cd mysql /bin/sh ../libtool --mode=link cxx -pthread -O3 -DDBUG_OFF \ -O4 -ansi_alias -ansi_args -fast -inline speed \ -speculate all \ -arch host -DUNDEF_HAVE_GETHOSTBYNAME_R \ -o mysql mysql.o readline.o sql_string.o completion_hash.o \ ../readline/libreadline.a -lcurses \ ../libmysql/.libs/libmysqlclient.so -lm cd .. gnumake gnumake install scripts/mysql_install_db
If you have problems compiling and have DEC CC
and gcc
installed, try running configure
like this:
CC=cc CFLAGS=-O CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 \ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
If you get problems with the `c_asm.h' file, you can create and use a 'dummy' `c_asm.h' file with:
touch include/c_asm.h CC=gcc CFLAGS=-I./include \ CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 \ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
Note that the following problems with the ld
program can be fixed
by downloading the latest DEC (Compaq) patch kit from:
http://ftp.support.compaq.com/public/unix/.
On OSF/1 V4.0D and compiler "DEC C V5.6-071 on Digital Unix V4.0 (Rev. 878)"
the compiler had some strange behaviour (undefined asm
symbols).
/bin/ld
also appears to be broken (problems with _exit
undefined
errors occurring while linking mysqld
). On this system, we
have managed to compile MySQL with the following configure
line, after replacing /bin/ld
with the version from OSF 4.0C:
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
With the Digital compiler "C++ V6.1-029", the following should work:
CC=cc -pthread CFLAGS=-O4 -ansi_alias -ansi_args -fast -inline speed -speculate all \ -arch host CXX=cxx -pthread CXXFLAGS=-O4 -ansi_alias -ansi_args -fast -inline speed -speculate all \ -arch host -noexceptions -nortti export CC CFLAGS CXX CXXFLAGS ./configure --prefix=/usr/mysql/mysql --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static \ --disable-shared --with-named-thread-libs="-lmach -lexc -lc"
In some versions of OSF/1, the alloca()
function is broken. Fix
this by removing the line in `config.h' that defines 'HAVE_ALLOCA'
.
The alloca()
function also may have an incorrect prototype in
/usr/include/alloca.h
. This warning resulting from this can be ignored.
configure
will use the following thread libraries automatically:
--with-named-thread-libs="-lpthread -lmach -lexc -lc"
.
When using gcc
, you can also try running configure
like this:
shell> CFLAGS=-D_PTHREAD_USE_D4 CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 ./configure ...
If you have problems with signals (MySQL dies unexpectedly under high load), you may have found an OS bug with threads and signals. In this case you can tell MySQL not to use signals by configuring with:
shell> CFLAGS=-DDONT_USE_THR_ALARM \ CXXFLAGS=-DDONT_USE_THR_ALARM \ ./configure ...
This doesn't affect the performance of MySQL, but has the side
effect that you can't kill clients that are ``sleeping'' on a connection with
mysqladmin kill
or mysqladmin shutdown
. Instead, the client
will die when it issues its next command.
With gcc
2.95.2, you will probably run into the following compile error:
sql_acl.cc:1456: Internal compiler error in `scan_region', at except.c:2566 Please submit a full bug report.
To fix this you should change to the sql
directory and do a ``cut
and paste'' of the last gcc
line, but change -O3
to
-O0
(or add -O0
immediately after gcc
if you don't
have any -O
option on your compile line). After this is done you
can just change back to the top-level directly and run make
again.
If you are using Irix Version 6.5.3 or newer mysqld
will only be able to
create threads if you run it as a user with CAP_SCHED_MGT
privileges (like root
) or give the mysqld
server this privilege
with the following shell command:
shell> chcap "CAP_SCHED_MGT+epi" /opt/mysql/libexec/mysqld
You may have to undefine some things in `config.h' after running
configure
and before compiling.
In some Irix implementations, the alloca()
function is broken. If the
mysqld
server dies on some SELECT
statements, remove the lines
from `config.h' that define HAVE_ALLOC
and HAVE_ALLOCA_H
.
If mysqladmin create
doesn't work, remove the line from `config.h'
that defines HAVE_READDIR_R
. You may have to remove the
HAVE_TERM_H
line as well.
SGI recommends that you install all of the patches on this page as a set: http://support.sgi.com/surfzone/patches/patchset/6.2_indigo.rps.html
At the very minimum, you should install the latest kernel rollup, the
latest rld
rollup, and the latest libc
rollup.
You definitely need all the POSIX patches on this page, for pthreads support:
http://support.sgi.com/surfzone/patches/patchset/6.2_posix.rps.html
If you get the something like the following error when compiling `mysql.cc':
"/usr/include/curses.h", line 82: error(1084): invalid combination of type
Type the following in the top-level directory of your MySQL source tree:
shell> extra/replace bool curses_bool < /usr/include/curses.h \ > include/curses.h shell> make
There have also been reports of scheduling problems. If only one thread is running, things go slow. Avoid this by starting another client. This may lead to a 2-to-10-fold increase in execution speed thereafter for the other thread. This is a poorly understood problem with Irix threads; you may have to improvise to find solutions until this can be fixed.
If you are compiling with gcc
, you can use the following
configure
command:
CC=gcc CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS=-O3 \ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --enable-thread-safe-client \ --with-named-thread-libs=-lpthread
On Irix 6.5.11 with native Irix C and C++ compilers ver. 7.3.1.2, the following is reported to work
CC=cc CXX=CC CFLAGS='-O3 -n32 -TARG:platform=IP22 -I/usr/local/include \ -L/usr/local/lib' CXXFLAGS='-O3 -n32 -TARG:platform=IP22 \ -I/usr/local/include -L/usr/local/lib' ./configure \ --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-innodb --with-berkeley-db \ --with-libwrap=/usr/local \ --with-named-curses-libs=/usr/local/lib/libncurses.a
The current port is tested only on ``sco3.2v5.0.5'', ``sco3.2v5.0.6'' and ``sco3.2v5.0.7'' systems. There has also been a lot of progress on a port to ``sco 3.2v4.2''.
For the moment the recommended compiler on OpenServer is gcc 2.95.2. With this you should be able to compile MySQL with just:
CC=gcc CXX=gcc ./configure ... (options)
./configure
in the `threads/src' directory and select
the SCO OpenServer option. This command copies `Makefile.SCO5' to
`Makefile'.
make
.
cd
to the `thread/src' directory, and run make
install
.
make
when making MySQL.
mysqld_safe
as root
, you probably will get only the
default 110 open files per process. mysqld
will write a note about this
in the log file.
configure
command should work:
shell> ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --disable-shared
configure
command should work:
shell> CFLAGS="-D_XOPEN_XPG4" CXX=gcc CXXFLAGS="-D_XOPEN_XPG4" \ ./configure \ --prefix=/usr/local/mysql \ --with-named-thread-libs="-lgthreads -lsocket -lgen -lgthreads" \ --with-named-curses-libs="-lcurses"You may get some problems with some include files. In this case, you can find new SCO-specific include files at http://www.mysql.com/Downloads/SCO/SCO-3.2v4.2-includes.tar.gz. You should unpack this file in the `include' directory of your MySQL source tree.
SCO development notes:
mysqld
with -lgthreads -lsocket -lgthreads
.
malloc
. If you encounter problems with memory usage,
make sure that `gmalloc.o' is included in `libgthreads.a' and
`libgthreads.so'.
read()
,
write()
, getmsg()
, connect()
, accept()
,
select()
, and wait()
.
If you want to install DBI on SCO, you have to edit the `Makefile' in DBI-xxx and each subdirectory.
Note that the following assumes gcc 2.95.2 or newer:
OLD: NEW: CC = cc CC = gcc CCCDLFLAGS = -KPIC -W1,-Bexport CCCDLFLAGS = -fpic CCDLFLAGS = -wl,-Bexport CCDLFLAGS = LD = ld LD = gcc -G -fpic LDDLFLAGS = -G -L/usr/local/lib LDDLFLAGS = -L/usr/local/lib LDFLAGS = -belf -L/usr/local/lib LDFLAGS = -L/usr/local/lib LD = ld LD = gcc -G -fpic OPTIMISE = -Od OPTIMISE = -O1 OLD: CCCFLAGS = -belf -dy -w0 -U M_XENIX -DPERL_SCO5 -I/usr/local/include NEW: CCFLAGS = -U M_XENIX -DPERL_SCO5 -I/usr/local/include
This is because the Perl dynaloader will not load the DBI
modules
if they were compiled with icc
or cc
.
Perl works best when compiled with cc
.
You must use a version of MySQL at least as recent as Version 3.22.13 and of UnixWare 7.1.0 because these version fixes some portability and OS problems under UnixWare.
We have been able to compile MySQL with the following configure
command on UnixWare Version 7.1.x:
CC=cc CXX=CC ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
If you want to use gcc
, you must use gcc
2.95.2 or newer.
CC=gcc CXX=g++ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
MySQL uses quite a few open files. Because of this, you should add something like the following to your `CONFIG.SYS' file:
SET EMXOPT=-c -n -h1024
If you don't do this, you will probably run into the following error:
File 'xxxx' not found (Errcode: 24)
When using MySQL with OS/2 Warp 3, FixPack 29 or above is required. With OS/2 Warp 4, FixPack 4 or above is required. This is a requirement of the Pthreads library. MySQL must be installed in a partition that supports long filenames such as HPFS, FAT32, etc.
The `INSTALL.CMD' script must be run from OS/2's own `CMD.EXE' and may not work with replacement shells such as `4OS2.EXE'.
The `scripts/mysql-install-db' script has been renamed. It is now called `install.cmd' and is a REXX script, which will set up the default MySQL security settings and create the WorkPlace Shell icons for MySQL.
Dynamic module support is compiled in but not fully tested. Dynamic modules should be compiled using the Pthreads run-time library.
gcc -Zdll -Zmt -Zcrtdll=pthrdrtl -I../include -I../regex -I.. \ -o example udf_example.cc -L../lib -lmysqlclient udf_example.def mv example.dll example.udf
Note: Due to limitations in OS/2, UDF module name stems must not
exceed 8 characters. Modules are stored in the `/mysql2/udf'
directory; the safe-mysqld.cmd
script will put this directory in
the BEGINLIBPATH
environment variable. When using UDF modules,
specified extensions are ignored--it is assumed to be `.udf'.
For example, in Unix, the shared module might be named `example.so'
and you would load a function from it like this:
mysql> CREATE FUNCTION metaphon RETURNS STRING SONAME "example.so";
In OS/2, the module would be named `example.udf', but you would not specify the module extension:
mysql> CREATE FUNCTION metaphon RETURNS STRING SONAME "example";
Porting MySQL
to NetWare
was an effort spearheaded by
Novell
. Novell customers will be pleased to note that NetWare 6.5
will ship with bundled MySQL binaries, complete with an automatic
commercial use license for all servers running that version of NetWare.
See section 2.1.4 Installing MySQL on NetWare.
MySQL for NetWare is compiled using a combination of
Metrowerks Codewarrior for NetWare
and special cross-compilation
versions of the GNU autotools. Check back here in the future for more
information on building and optimising MySQL for NetWare.
We have in the past talked with some BeOS developers that have said that MySQL is 80% ported to BeOS, but we haven't heard from them in a while.
Perl support for MySQL is provided by means of the
DBI
/DBD
client interface. See section 9.5 MySQL Perl API. The Perl
DBD
/DBI
client code requires Perl Version 5.004 or later. The
interface will not work if you have an older version of Perl.
MySQL Perl support also requires that you've installed MySQL client programming support. If you installed MySQL from RPM files, client programs are in the client RPM, but client programming support is in the developer RPM. Make sure you've installed the latter RPM.
As of Version 3.22.8, Perl support is distributed separately from the main MySQL distribution. If you want to install Perl support, the files you will need can be obtained from http://www.mysql.com/downloads/api-dbi.html.
The Perl distributions are provided as compressed tar
archives and
have names like `MODULE-VERSION.tar.gz', where MODULE
is the
module name and VERSION
is the version number. You should get the
Data-Dumper
, DBI
, and DBD-mysql
distributions
and install them in that order. The installation procedure is shown here.
The example shown is for the Data-Dumper
module, but the procedure is
the same for all three distributions:
shell> gunzip < Data-Dumper-VERSION.tar.gz | tar xvf -This command creates a directory named `Data-Dumper-VERSION'.
shell> cd Data-Dumper-VERSION
shell> perl Makefile.PL shell> make shell> make test shell> make install
The make test
command is important because it verifies that the
module is working. Note that when you run that command during the
DBD-mysql
installation to exercise the interface code, the
MySQL server must be running or the test will fail.
It is a good idea to rebuild and reinstall the DBD-mysql
distribution whenever you install a new release of MySQL,
particularly if you notice symptoms such as all your DBI
scripts
dumping core after you upgrade MySQL.
If you don't have the right to install Perl modules in the system directory or if you to install local Perl modules, the following reference may help you:
http://www.iserver.com/support/contrib/perl5/modules.html
Look under the heading
Installing New Modules that Require Locally Installed Modules
.
To install the MySQL DBD
module with ActiveState Perl on
Windows, you should do the following:
set HTTP_proxy=my.proxy.com:3128
C:\> c:\perl\bin\ppm.pl
DBI
:
ppm> install DBI
install \ ftp://ftp.de.uu.net/pub/CPAN/authors/id/JWIED/DBD-mysql-1.2212.x86.ppd
The above should work at least with ActiveState Perl Version 5.6.
If you can't get the above to work, you should instead install the
MyODBC
driver and connect to MySQL server through
ODBC:
use DBI; $dbh= DBI->connect("DBI:ODBC:$dsn","$user","$password") || die "Got error $DBI::errstr when connecting to $dsn\n";
DBI
/DBD
InterfaceIf Perl reports that it can't find the `../mysql/mysql.so' module, then the problem is probably that Perl can't locate the shared library `libmysqlclient.so'.
You can fix this by any of the following methods:
DBD-mysql
distribution with perl
Makefile.PL -static -config
rather than perl Makefile.PL
.
LD_RUN_PATH
environment variable.
If you get the following errors from DBD-mysql
,
you are probably using gcc
(or using an old binary compiled with
gcc
):
/usr/bin/perl: can't resolve symbol '__moddi3' /usr/bin/perl: can't resolve symbol '__divdi3'
Add -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/... -lgcc
to the link command when the
`mysql.so' library gets built (check the output from make
for
`mysql.so' when you compile the Perl client). The -L
option
should specify the pathname of the directory where `libgcc.a' is located
on your system.
Another cause of this problem may be that Perl and MySQL aren't both
compiled with gcc
. In this case, you can solve the mismatch by
compiling both with gcc
.
If you get the following error from DBD-mysql
when you run the tests:
t/00base............install_driver(mysql) failed: Can't load '../blib/arch/auto/DBD/mysql/mysql.so' for module DBD::mysql: ../blib/arch/auto/DBD/mysql/mysql.so: undefined symbol: uncompress at /usr/lib/perl5/5.00503/i586-linux/DynaLoader.pm line 169.
it means that you need to include the compression library, -lz, to the link line. This can be doing the following change in the file `lib/DBD/mysql/Install.pm':
$sysliblist .= " -lm"; to $sysliblist .= " -lm -lz";
After this, you must run 'make realclean' and then proceed with the installation from the beginning.
If you want to use the Perl module on a system that doesn't support
dynamic linking (like SCO) you can generate a static version of
Perl that includes DBI
and DBD-mysql
. The way this works
is that you generate a version of Perl with the DBI
code linked
in and install it on top of your current Perl. Then you use that to
build a version of Perl that additionally has the DBD
code linked
in, and install that.
On SCO, you must have the following environment variables set:
shell> LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/progressive/lib or shell> LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib:/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/ccs/lib:\ /usr/progressive/lib:/usr/skunk/lib shell> LIBPATH=/usr/lib:/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/ccs/lib:\ /usr/progressive/lib:/usr/skunk/lib shell> MANPATH=scohelp:/usr/man:/usr/local1/man:/usr/local/man:\ /usr/skunk/man:
First, create a Perl that includes a statically linked DBI
by running
these commands in the directory where your DBI
distribution is
located:
shell> perl Makefile.PL -static -config shell> make shell> make install shell> make perl
Then you must install the new Perl. The output of make perl
will
indicate the exact make
command you will need to execute to perform
the installation. On SCO, this is
make -f Makefile.aperl inst_perl MAP_TARGET=perl
.
Next, use the just-created Perl to create another Perl that also includes a
statically-linked DBD::mysql
by running these commands in the
directory where your DBD-mysql
distribution is located:
shell> perl Makefile.PL -static -config shell> make shell> make install shell> make perl
Finally, you should install this new Perl. Again, the output of make
perl
indicates the command to use.
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