6  Arrays

module  Array (          module Ix,  -- export all of Ix for convenience         Array, array, listArray, (!), bounds, indices, elems, assocs,          accumArray, (//), accum, ixmap ) where import Ix infixl 9  !, // data  (Ix a)    => Array a b = MkArray (a,a) (a -> b) deriving () array           :: (Ix a) => (a,a) -> [(a,b)] -> Array a b listArray       :: (Ix a) => (a,a) -> [b] -> Array a b (!)             :: (Ix a) => Array a b -> a -> b bounds          :: (Ix a) => Array a b -> (a,a) indices         :: (Ix a) => Array a b -> [a] elems           :: (Ix a) => Array a b -> [b] assocs          :: (Ix a) => Array a b -> [(a,b)] accumArray      :: (Ix a) => (b -> c -> b) -> b -> (a,a) -> [(a,c)]                              -> Array a b (//)            :: (Ix a) => Array a b -> [(a,b)] -> Array a b accum           :: (Ix a) => (b -> c -> b) -> Array a b -> [(a,c)]                              -> Array a b ixmap           :: (Ix a, Ix b) => (a,a) -> (a -> b) -> Array b c                              -> Array a c instance                            Functor (Array a) where ... instance  (Ix a, Eq b)           => Eq   (Array a b)  where ... instance  (Ix a, Ord b)          => Ord  (Array a b)  where ... instance  (Ix a, Show a, Show b) => Show (Array a b)  where ... instance  (Ix a, Read a, Read b) => Read (Array a b)  where ...

Haskell provides indexable arrays, which may be thought of as functions whose domains are isomorphic to contiguous subsets of the integers. Functions restricted in this way can be implemented efficiently; in particular, a programmer may reasonably expect rapid access to the components. To ensure the possibility of such an implementation, arrays are treated as data, not as general functions.

Since most array functions involve the class Ix, this module is exported from Array so that modules need not import both Array and Ix.

6.1  Array Construction

The second argument of array is a list of associations of the form (index, value). Typically, this list will be expressed as a comprehension. An association (i, x) defines the value of the array at index i to be x. The array is undefined (i.e. _|_) if any index in the list is out of bounds. If any two associations in the list have the same index, the value at that index is undefined (i.e. _|_). Because the indices must be checked for these errors, array is strict in the bounds argument and in the indices of the association list, but nonstrict in the values. Thus, recurrences such as the following are possible:

a = array (1,100) ((1,1) : [(i, i * a!(i-1)) | i <- [2..100]])

Not every index within the bounds of the array need appear in the association list, but the values associated with indices that do not appear will be undefined. Figure 2 shows some examples that use the array constructor.

-- Scaling an array of numbers by a given number: scale :: (Num a, Ix b) => a -> Array b a -> Array b a scale x a = array b [(i, a!i * x) | i <- range b]     where b = bounds a -- Inverting an array that holds a permutation of its indices invPerm :: (Ix a) => Array a a -> Array a a invPerm a = array b [(a!i, i) | i <- range b]     where b = bounds a -- The inner product of two vectors inner :: (Ix a, Num b) => Array a b -> Array a b -> b inner v w = if b == bounds w then sum [v!i * w!i | i <- range b] else error "inconformable arrays for inner product"     where b = bounds v Array examples

The (!) operator denotes array subscripting. The bounds function applied to an array returns its bounds. The functions indices, elems, and assocs, when applied to an array, return lists of the indices, elements, or associations, respectively, in index order. An array may be constructed from a pair of bounds and a list of values in index order using the function listArray.

6.1.1  Accumulated Arrays

Another array creation function, accumArray, relaxes the restriction that a given index may appear at most once in the association list, using an accumulating function which combines the values of associations with the same index. The first argument of accumArray is the accumulating function; the second is an initial value; the remaining two arguments are a bounds pair and an association list, as for the array function. For example, given a list of values of some index type, hist produces a histogram of the number of occurrences of each index within a specified range:

hist :: (Ix a, Num b) => (a,a) -> [a] -> Array a b
hist bnds is = accumArray (+) 0 bnds [(i, 1) | i<-is, inRange bnds i]

If the accumulating function is strict, then accumArray is strict in the values, as well as the indices, in the association list. Thus, unlike ordinary arrays, accumulated arrays should not in general be recursive.

6.2  Incremental Array Updates

The operator (//) takes an array and a list of pairs and returns an array identical to the left argument except that it has been updated by the associations in the right argument. (As with the array function, the indices in the association list must be unique for the updated elements to be defined.) For example, if m is a 1-origin, n by n matrix, then m//[((i,i), 0) | i <- [1..n]] is the same matrix, except with the diagonal zeroed.

accum f takes an array and an association list and accumulates pairs from the list into the array with the accumulating function f. Thus accumArray can be defined using accum:

accumArray f z b = accum f (array b [(i, z) | i <- range b])

6.3  Derived Arrays

The two functions map and ixmap derive new arrays from existing ones; they may be thought of as providing function composition on the left and right, respectively, with the mapping that the original array embodies. The map function transforms the array values while ixmap allows for transformations on array indices. Figure 3 shows some examples.

-- A rectangular subarray subArray :: (Ix a) => (a,a) -> Array a b -> Array a b subArray bnds = ixmap bnds (\i->i) -- A row of a matrix row :: (Ix a, Ix b) => a -> Array (a,b) c -> Array b c row i x = ixmap (l',u') (\j->(i,j)) x where ((l,l'),(u,u')) = bounds x -- Diagonal of a square matrix diag :: (Ix a) => Array (a,a) b -> Array a b diag x = ixmap (l,u) (\i->(i,i)) x  where ((l,l'),(u,u')) | l == l' && u == u'  = bounds x -- Projection of first components of an array of pairs firstArray :: (Ix a) => Array a (b,c) -> Array a b firstArray = map (\(x,y)->x) Derived array examples

6.4  Library Array