Like Mary Jane Irwin and many others, I am dissatisfied with the number of women in academic computer science. That's an understatement; I am increasingly alarmed. Over the past decade, gender-balance at the undergraduate level in computer science has steadily deteriorated in the United States. I don't like the current situation in the undergraduate classroom, and I am afraid of what it portends for gender balance at the faculty level in the future. My motivation: I don't want to work in a gender-segregated workplace for the rest of my life.
When I first started teaching, at the University of California at Berkeley in 1979, there weren't many female students in my undergraduate classes. In a class of 30, there might be five female faces. The gender mix, or rather the lack thereof, was even more noticeable at the graduate level. In a seminar of 10 students, it was rare to see more than a couple of women. And there were very few female faculty. This was far from a gender-balanced workplace, but at least the situation seemed to be improving.
According to a statistical series on undergraduate degree conferrals collected by the Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), the gender ratio among CS undergraduates improved from 20% to nearly 40% over the period 1975 to 1984. Since then, there has been a steady decline. According to the latest data in my possession, in the class of 1993, only 28% of the computer science B.S. degree recipients in the United States were female. This is a national average.
At major research universities, there are even fewer women in CS undergraduate programs than suggested by the national averages discussed above. The MIT Planning Office performed a detailed analysis of the NCES data for the class of 1990. The percentage of females among the CS undergraduate degrees that year at the top 12 schools, as ranked in the CRA Taulbee Survey, was 22% at Stanford University, 21% at MIT, 24% at Carnegie-Mellon University, 31% at the University of California at Berkeley, 13% at Cornell University, 12% at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 19% at the University of Washington, 21% at the University of Texas at Austin, 30% at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, and 25% at the Univerity of Southern California. NCES had no data for 1990 CS undergraduate degrees from the University of California at Los Angeles or the University of Toronto. Note that only Berkeley and Madison approached the 1990 national average (30%) gender ratio for undergraduate CS degree recipients.
A third data series, recently added to the annual Taulbee Survey, showed that only 18% of the undergraduate CS degree recipients in 1994 were female. This 18% figure is a close match to the "top 12 schools" data quoted in the previous paragraph. I don't think the CRA Taulbee data data is directly comparable to the NCES data quoted above: the percentages are too far apart.
I don't have 1994 data from NCES, nor do I have 1993 data from the Taulbee Survey because none was collected for undergraduate conferrals. Still, it is worrisome to compare the 30% gender ratio for CS bachelor's degrees in the US in 1993 (NCES data) with the 18% gender ratio among CS bachelor's degrees for CRA Taulbee reportants in 1994. My rough estimate is that only half of the difference is due to a difference in survey methodology and scope, i.e., that the NCES data for 1994 will show a dramatic drop in the gender ratio for BS CS degree recipients in the US.
The recent downward trend in undergraduate female participation in computer science will almost surely result, soon, in a downward trend in female CS Ph.D. conferrals. Historically, gender ratios for master's degrees in CS are lower than those for bachelor's degrees, and gender ratios for CS Ph.D. recipients are lower still. As we follow an age-cohort through the "pipeline" of advancement in academic CS, we see fewer and fewer females.
You might believe that at present no downward trend exists in undergraduate female CS ratios. Perhaps the gender ratio for BS CS degrees in 1995 will be higher than 1994, and 1996 will be even higher. Alas, I disagree. The gender ratio at the high-school level is still dropping, judging from data collected by the College Board, 45 Columbus Avenue, New York NY 10023-6992 USA. (Dr. Nancy Griffeth of Bellcore was, I believe, the first to study this data for its relevance to the CS pipeline.)
Before high-school students take the graded portion of an SAT exam, they indicate their areas of highest interest among a list of "College Majors by Academic Area." The College Board publishes a yearly digest of their answers, broken down by gender and broad major field.
Among academic disciplines within science and engineering, computer science stands out as the only field with a downward trend in interest among high-school females. See Figure 1. I'm particularly concerned by the sharp downward trend in 1991 through 1994, from 37% to 29%. I fear this 8-point drop in gender ratio among intended majors in 1991-94 portends an 8-point drop in the gender ratio among BS CS degree recipients in 1994-98. Note that the 1982-85 drop in gender ratio among intended CS majors occurred just before the 1985-88 drop in gender ratio among BS CS degree recipients.
In case you're wondering about the absolute numbers of high-school students expressing interest in computer science, I've plotted these separately for females and males, in Figures 2 and 3. At the risk of swamping you with data, I've also plotted gender ratios and absolute numbers of females and males by broad area of interest, in Figures 4, 5, and 6.
My intent, in writing this column, is to spark discussion of "why" computer science is becoming more gender-segregated, at the undergraduate level. More importantly, "what" can we do about it? I hope you are inspired to discuss these questions with your friends and colleagues, send me email, write something for publication, and/or get involved in a mentoring or outreach program.
Last modified: 7 March 1997 by cdt
