Test
Prev Appendix B.  Porting and Maintenance  Next

Test

The libstdc++ testsuite includes testing for standard conformance, regressions, ABI, and performance.

Organization

The directory libsrcdir/testsuite contains the individual test cases organized in sub-directories corresponding to chapters of the C++ standard (detailed below), the dejagnu test harness support files, and sources to various testsuite utilities that are packaged in a separate testing library.

All test cases for functionality required by the runtime components of the C++ standard (ISO 14882) are files within the following directories. 

17_intro
18_support
19_diagnostics
20_util
21_strings
22_locale
23_containers
25_algorithms
26_numerics
27_io
28_regex
29_atomics
30_threads

In addition, the following directories include test files: 

tr1		  Tests for components as described by the Technical Report on Standard Library Extensions (TR1).
backward	  Tests for backwards compatibility and deprecated features.
demangle	  Tests for __cxa_demangle, the IA 64 C++ ABI demangler
ext		  Tests for extensions.
performance	  Tests for performance analysis, and performance regressions.

Some directories don't have test files, but instead contain auxiliary information: 

config		  Files for the dejagnu test harness.
lib		  Files for the dejagnu test harness.
libstdc++*     	  Files for the dejagnu test harness.
data		  Sample text files for testing input and output.
util		  Files for libtestc++, utilities and testing routines.

Within a directory that includes test files, there may be additional subdirectories, or files. Originally, test cases were appended to one file that represented a particular section of the chapter under test, and was named accordingly. For instance, to test items related to 21.3.6.1 - basic_string::find [lib.string::find] in the standard, the following was used: 

21_strings/find.cc

However, that practice soon became a liability as the test cases became huge and unwieldy, and testing new or extended functionality (like wide characters or named locales) became frustrating, leading to aggressive pruning of test cases on some platforms that covered up implementation errors. Now, the test suite has a policy of one file, one test case, which solves the above issues and gives finer grained results and more manageable error debugging. As an example, the test case quoted above becomes: 

21_strings/basic_string/find/char/1.cc
21_strings/basic_string/find/char/2.cc
21_strings/basic_string/find/char/3.cc
21_strings/basic_string/find/wchar_t/1.cc
21_strings/basic_string/find/wchar_t/2.cc
21_strings/basic_string/find/wchar_t/3.cc

All new tests should be written with the policy of one test case, one file in mind.

In addition, there are some special names and suffixes that are used within the testsuite to designate particular kinds of tests.

Running the Testsuite

You can check the status of the build without installing it using the dejagnu harness, much like the rest of the gcc tools.

 make check

in the libbuilddir directory.

or

 make check-target-libstdc++-v3

in the gccbuilddir directory.

These commands are functionally equivalent and will create a 'testsuite' directory underneath libbuilddir containing the results of the tests. Two results files will be generated: libstdc++.sum, which is a PASS/FAIL summary for each test, and libstdc++.log which is a log of the exact command line passed to the compiler, the compiler output, and the executable output (if any).

Archives of test results for various versions and platforms are available on the GCC website in the build status section of each individual release, and are also archived on a daily basis on the gcc-testresults mailing list. Please check either of these places for a similar combination of source version, operating system, and host CPU.

There are several options for running tests, including testing the regression tests, testing a subset of the regression tests, testing the performance tests, testing just compilation, testing installed tools, etc. In addition, there is a special rule for checking the exported symbols of the shared library.

To debug the dejagnu test harness during runs, try invoking with a specific argument to the variable RUNTESTFLAGS, as below. 

make check-target-libstdc++-v3 RUNTESTFLAGS="-v"

or 

make check-target-libstdc++-v3 RUNTESTFLAGS="-v -v"

To run a subset of the library tests, you will need to generate the testsuite_files file by running make testsuite_files in the libbuilddir/testsuite directory, described below. Edit the file to remove the tests you don't want and then run the testsuite as normal.

There are two ways to run on a simulator: set up DEJAGNU to point to a specially crafted site.exp, or pass down --target_board flags.

Example flags to pass down for various embedded builds are as follows: 

      --target=powerpc-eabism (libgloss/sim)
make check-target-libstdc++-v3 RUNTESTFLAGS="--target_board=powerpc-sim"

--target=calmrisc32 (libgloss/sid)
make check-target-libstdc++-v3 RUNTESTFLAGS="--target_board=calmrisc32-sid"

--target=xscale-elf (newlib/sim)
make check-target-libstdc++-v3 RUNTESTFLAGS="--target_board=arm-sim"

Also, here is an example of how to run the libstdc++ testsuite for a multilibed build directory with different ABI settings: 

make check-target-libstdc++-v3 RUNTESTFLAGS='--target_board \"unix{-mabi=32,,-mabi=64}\"'

You can run the tests with a compiler and library that have already been installed. Make sure that the compiler (e.g., g++) is in your PATH. If you are using shared libraries, then you must also ensure that the directory containing the shared version of libstdc++ is in your LD_LIBRARY_PATH, or equivalent. If your GCC source tree is at /path/to/gcc, then you can run the tests as follows: 

runtest --tool libstdc++ --srcdir=/path/to/gcc/libstdc++-v3/testsuite

The testsuite will create a number of files in the directory in which you run this command,. Some of those files might use the same name as files created by other testsuites (like the ones for GCC and G++), so you should not try to run all the testsuites in parallel from the same directory.

In addition, there are some testing options that are mostly of interest to library maintainers and system integrators. As such, these tests may not work on all cpu and host combinations, and may need to be executed in the libbuilddir/testsuite directory. These options include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following: 

   make testsuite_files

Five files are generated that determine what test files are run. These files are: 

   make check-abi

The library ABI can be tested. This involves testing the shared library against an ABI-defining previous version of symbol exports. 

   make check-compile

This rule compiles, but does not link or execute, the testsuite_files test cases and displays the output on stdout. 

   make check-performance

This rule runs through the testsuite_files_performance test cases and collects information for performance analysis and can be used to spot performance regressions. Various timing information is collected, as well as number of hard page faults, and memory used. This is not run by default, and the implementation is in flux.

We are interested in any strange failures of the testsuite; please email the main libstdc++ mailing list if you see something odd or have questions.

To run the libstdc++ test suite under the debug mode, edit libstdc++-v3/scripts/testsuite_flags to add the compile-time flag -D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG to the result printed by the --build-cxx option. Additionally, add the -D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDANTIC flag to turn on pedantic checking. The libstdc++ test suite should produce precisely the same results under debug mode that it does under release mode: any deviation indicates an error in either the library or the test suite.

The parallel mode can be tested in much the same manner, substituting -D_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL for -D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG in the previous paragraph.

Or, just run the testsuites with CXXFLAGS set to -D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG or -D_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL.

Writing a new test case

The first step in making a new test case is to choose the correct directory and file name, given the organization as previously described.

All files are copyright the FSF, and GPL'd: this is very important. The first copyright year should correspond to the date the file was checked in to SVN.

As per the dejagnu instructions, always return 0 from main to indicate success.

A bunch of utility functions and classes have already been abstracted out into the testsuite utility library, libtestc++. To use this functionality, just include the appropriate header file: the library or specific object files will automatically be linked in as part of the testsuite run.

For a test that needs to take advantage of the dejagnu test harness, what follows below is a list of special keyword that harness uses. Basically, a test case contains dg-keywords (see dg.exp) indicating what to do and what kinds of behavior are to be expected. New test cases should be written with the new style DejaGnu framework in mind.

To ease transition, here is the list of dg-keyword documentation lifted from dg.exp. 

# The currently supported options are:
#
# dg-prms-id N
#	set prms_id to N
#
# dg-options "options ..." [{ target selector }]
#	specify special options to pass to the tool (eg: compiler)
#
# dg-do do-what-keyword [{ target/xfail selector }]
#	`do-what-keyword' is tool specific and is passed unchanged to
#	${tool}-dg-test.  An example is gcc where `keyword' can be any of:
#	preprocess|compile|assemble|link|run
#	and will do one of: produce a .i, produce a .s, produce a .o,
#	produce an a.out, or produce an a.out and run it (the default is
#	compile).
#
# dg-error regexp comment [{ target/xfail selector } [{.|0|linenum}]]
#	indicate an error message <regexp> is expected on this line
#	(the test fails if it doesn't occur)
#	Linenum=0 for general tool messages (eg: -V arg missing).
#	"." means the current line.
#
# dg-warning regexp comment [{ target/xfail selector } [{.|0|linenum}]]
#	indicate a warning message <regexp> is expected on this line
#	(the test fails if it doesn't occur)
#
# dg-bogus regexp comment [{ target/xfail selector } [{.|0|linenum}]]
#	indicate a bogus error message <regexp> use to occur here
#	(the test fails if it does occur)
#
# dg-build regexp comment [{ target/xfail selector }]
#	indicate the build use to fail for some reason
#	(errors covered here include bad assembler generated, tool crashes,
#	and link failures)
#	(the test fails if it does occur)
#
# dg-excess-errors comment [{ target/xfail selector }]
#	indicate excess errors are expected (any line)
#	(this should only be used sparingly and temporarily)
#
# dg-output regexp [{ target selector }]
#	indicate the expected output of the program is <regexp>
#	(there may be multiple occurrences of this, they are concatenated)
#
# dg-final { tcl code }
#	add some tcl code to be run at the end
#	(there may be multiple occurrences of this, they are concatenated)
#	(unbalanced braces must be \-escaped)
#
# "{ target selector }" is a list of expressions that determine whether the
# test succeeds or fails for a particular target, or in some cases whether the
# option applies for a particular target.  If the case of `dg-do' it specifies
# whether the test case is even attempted on the specified target.
#
# The target selector is always optional.  The format is one of:
#
# { xfail *-*-* ... } - the test is expected to fail for the given targets
# { target *-*-* ... } - the option only applies to the given targets
#
# At least one target must be specified, use *-*-* for "all targets".
# At present it is not possible to specify both `xfail' and `target'.
# "native" may be used in place of "*-*-*".

Example 1: Testing compilation only
// { dg-do compile }

Example 2: Testing for expected warnings on line 36, which all targets fail
// { dg-warning "string literals" "" { xfail *-*-* } 36 }

Example 3: Testing for expected warnings on line 36
// { dg-warning "string literals" "" { target *-*-* } 36 }

Example 4: Testing for compilation errors on line 41
// { dg-do compile }
// { dg-error "no match for" "" { target *-*-* } 41 }

Example 5: Testing with special command line settings, or without the
use of pre-compiled headers, in particular the stdc++.h.gch file. Any
options here will override the DEFAULT_CXXFLAGS and PCH_CXXFLAGS set
up in the normal.exp file.
// { dg-options "-O0" { target *-*-* } }

More examples can be found in the libstdc++-v3/testsuite/*/*.cc files.

Test Harness and Utilities

Underlying details of testing for conformance and regressions are abstracted via the GNU Dejagnu package. This is similar to the rest of GCC.

This is information for those looking at making changes to the testsuite structure, and/or needing to trace dejagnu's actions with --verbose. This will not be useful to people who are "merely" adding new tests to the existing structure.

The first key point when working with dejagnu is the idea of a "tool". Files, directories, and functions are all implicitly used when they are named after the tool in use. Here, the tool will always be "libstdc++".

The lib subdir contains support routines. The lib/libstdc++.exp file ("support library") is loaded automagically, and must explicitly load the others. For example, files can be copied from the core compiler's support directory into lib.

Some routines in lib/libstdc++.exp are callbacks, some are our own. Callbacks must be prefixed with the name of the tool. To easily distinguish the others, by convention our own routines are named "v3-*".

The next key point when working with dejagnu is "test files". Any directory whose name starts with the tool name will be searched for test files. (We have only one.) In those directories, any .exp file is considered a test file, and will be run in turn. Our main test file is called normal.exp; it runs all the tests in testsuite_files using the callbacks loaded from the support library.

The config directory is searched for any particular "target board" information unique to this library. This is currently unused and sets only default variables.

The testsuite directory also contains some files that implement functionality that is intended to make writing test cases easier, or to avoid duplication, or to provide error checking in a way that is consistent across platforms and test harnesses. A stand-alone executable, called abi_check, and a static library called libtestc++ are constructed. Both of these items are not installed, and only used during testing.

These files include the following functionality:

Special Topics

Testing is composed of running a particular test sequence, and looking at what happens to the surrounding code when exceptions are thrown. Each test is composed of measuring initial state, executing a particular sequence of code under some instrumented conditions, measuring a final state, and then examining the differences between the two states.

Test sequences are composed of constructed code sequences that exercise a particular function or member function, and either confirm no exceptions were generated, or confirm the consistency/coherency of the test subject in the event of a thrown exception.

Random code paths can be constructed using the basic test sequences and instrumentation as above, only combined in a random or pseudo-random way.

To compute the code paths that throw, test instruments are used that throw on allocation events (__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator_random and __gnu_cxx::throw_allocator_limit) and copy, assignment, comparison, increment, swap, and various operators (__gnu_cxx::throw_type_random and __gnu_cxx::throw_type_limit). Looping through a given test sequence and conditionally throwing in all instrumented places. Then, when the test sequence completes without an exception being thrown, assume all potential error paths have been exercised in a sequential manner.

Prev Up Next
Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems Home ABI Policy and Guidelines