Copyright (c) 1994 Academic Press from Scientific Visualization - Advances and Challenges. Chapter 23: Visual representation of vector fields: recent developments and research directions, pp. 376-390.

Tensor probes, developed by de Leeuw and van Wijk, are used to visualize the Jacobian of a velocity field. The tensor is first composed into components parallel and perpendicular to the flow, and then into five physically meaningful components, which are visualized and depict velocity, curvature, rotation, acceleration, shear, and convergence.